Olfactory receptor neuron

subfamily, specifically VLA-1, VLA-2, VLA-4, VLA-5 and VLA-6, have been shown to facilitate leukocyte migration across extracellular matrix. It is important to note that there is considerable redundancy: multiple ligands have been identified for a single receptor, and multiple receptros bind a single ligand (Lowell et al., 2012). The proadhesive properties of integrins are overlapping and additive, and depend on specific cytoskeletal and transmembrane associations with cytoskeletal adaptor…

Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is an immune-mediated progression in which an atypical reaction of the body’s immune system is charged against the central nervous system (The National Multiple Sclerosis Society). The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The antigen — or object the immune cells are triggered to attack — remains unidentified, which is why MS is regarded by many specialist to be "immune-mediated" instead of "autoimmune." The immune system…

Virchow-Robin (VR) spaces or perivascular spaces of the brain refer to spaces that accompany the cerebral vessels as they pass from subarachnoid space into the brain parenchyma. A few evident perivascular spaces can be considered normal at any age but many visible perivascular spaces are not. The relevance of visible perivascular spaces to SVD is shown by their presence in increased numbers in patients with white matter hyper-intensities and with symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke. The…

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disease that affects patient's cognitive abilities (Tabloski, 2014). AD is the most common type of dementia, accounting for eighty percent of all dementia diagnosis (Tabloski, 2014). AD is irreversible, progressive, and there is no cure (Biercewicz, Filipska, & Kedziora-Kornatowska, 2016). The purpose of this post is to describe what I have learned after watching, the Frontline documentary, Living Old. I will discuss what I did not previously…

from the Greek language. To break it down “A” means no “Myo” means muscle and “Trophic”means nourishment together it stands for no muscle nourishment. The word “Lateral” meaning the spinal cord in the body. ALS is an serious disease that affects the neurons, which controls the voluntary muscles when a muscle has no nourishment it becomes weak to control which then results into no communicating in the brain due to many repetitive head trauma. If the spinal cord gets affected due to ALS then the…

What is Blepharospasm might you ask? The word is split into two different words when you break it down, the word Blepharo which means ‘Eye Lid” and the word Spasm which means “uncontrolled muscle contraction. So with that being said it is an abnormal blinking or eyelid ticking or twitching resulting from any cause. (BEB) is a rare neurological disorder of muscles around the eyes. They have a lot of spasms that come and go called intermittent. Early stage symptoms of this disease can start with…

Lead Identification (LO): Lead compounds bind to target receptors, and shows potentially therapeutic pharmacological activity, and may contain similar structures and functional groups. Lead compounds are used as a foundation for drug development and may be modified structurally for greater pharmacodynamic efficiency and potency.1 One source of determining lead compounds is by assaying libraries through HTS. Researchers analyze the drug’s ADME properties (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and…

MS occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin sheath that cover and protect the nerve fibers. When myelin is damaged the information, or the nerve impulses, from the sensory nerves can no longer reach CNS , which consequently lead to wrong responses in the body. Because MS is unpredictable disease, the progression of MS differ from one patient to another. Therefore, doctors have to follow the patient’s case carefully to recognize whether the Disease progresses to later stages or not. The…

1. Where does most of the adult neurogenesis occur (brain structure)? For human adults, neurogenesis would most naturally occur most in the hippocampus region of the brain (Curlik & Shors, 2013, p. 506). 2. This structure most associated with what types of activities? The hippocampus structure is most associated with how one's mental processes respond and adjust to a physical stimuli through learning and behavior (Curlik & Shors, 2013, p. 506). 3. Although most of the new cells die by…

Memory and learning in this chapter is very captivating. The flow throughout history to show the discoveries and improvements to society’s knowledge improves upon the books readability. Over the years, I have gained knowledge on the subject and that knowledge is supported such as my knowledge on the hippocampus and long-term/ short-term memory. This chapter also offered new insights into ideas I had never heard of before. I was unaware that the left hemisphere of the brain is for language or…