Nucleoside

A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleosides are very similar, but do not have the phosphate group. 3. Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. Ribose is the sugar in RNA. The difference between the two is deoxyribose does not have sugar on the second carbon in the ring. 4. The 5’ end of the nucleotide…

Introduction Part 1 of my essay is split into 3 separate parts, the first being a summary and the interpretive issues of the case in question, the second being how has the judge interpreted these issues, and finally the third being how should the judge have interpreted these issues. Summary of the case, and interpretive issues. The case of Great Ormond Street Hospital v Constance Yates, Chris Gard, Charles Gard (A Child, by his Guardian Ad Litem), 11 April 2017 [2017] EWHC 972 (Fam) is about a…

Human Immune Deficiency means to lack the defense mechanisms necessary to fight against simple viruses like the common cold. The virus attacks the helper T cells in the body and prevents them from simulating B cells to secrete antibodies. It also prevents helper T cells from activating CD8 cells that are cytotoxic T cells which are antiviral cells. (van Baarle et al) HIV carries single-stranded RNA that, when coupled with reverse transcriptase, creates HIV DNA. When HIV enters the body, it…

People may also use high doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs; although, people do not know how effective steroids are. Antibiotics are used to treat the bacteria that cause pneumonia one in general is ribavirin. Ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analogue. However, its mechanism of action is still talked about, it prevents the growing of RNA and DNA viruses by inhibiting the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is needed for the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate. The…

Construction of DNA, RNA, And Protein By Building Models Introduction Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. When these nucleic acids form sequences they create either DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base. The main difference in RNA and DNA is that uracil replaces the base of thymine in RNA. Proteins are essential to maintaining cells by creating hormones and enzymes, and defending the cell. The arrangement of DNA and RNA bases dictates what protein…

3.3.1 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the most common DNA amplification method in molecular biology, it was invented by Kary Mullis while working in Emeryville, California for Cetus Corporation, one of the first biotechnology companies. His invention won him a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular biology as it has enabled researchers to perform experiments easily that previously had been unthinkable. Before the mid-1980s…

for useful purposes. It allow us to expand the genetic code is one of the main stream ideas to synthetic life. It can help us to understand organization, exponential growth and autocatalysis of different cells. This GRC has the aim to develop on nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids in medicine, biology, chemical - and material sciences. They help us to increase number of Receptors, Apatmers/Aptazymes, Epigenetics, Structural Biology and Antiviral/Antitumoral…

A deadly virus that was originated in the early 80’s of the twentieth century has become a crisis for the whole world today. For a period of time it was known as a death sentence virus. There is a stage before AIDs which is known as HIV. HIV was first discovered in 1981. One in every six people are infected with HIV. The acronym HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. Unlike most viruses, HIV is one that your body can never nor will ever get rid of. So, once you have HIV you will have it…

Globally individuals develop and obtain disease. Among these diseases is the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and breast cancer; two commonly spread/carried diseases, and potentially life threatening diseases. Chronic hepatitis B infection alone “is a global public health issue with >350 million hepatitis B virus carriers worldwide” (Ling, W H Y et, al,1931). Breast cancer has also been on the rise infecting not only women but men as well. So, it is not uncommon for individuals to have both…

Methotrexate is a drug used to treat cancer, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and to induce miscarriage in women who have had ectopic pregnancies. Question 1: Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a certain type of drug after administration through absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion while travelling throughout the body. Absorption Absorption is defined as the movement of a drug through the bloodstream. Absorption of a drug is affected by the solubility of the…