Nucleoside

Once the groups which already existed on the Phosphate atom have been separated, the two enzymes in the human body, Nucleotidyl and nucleoside diphosphate kinases, will add phosphatic groups to the molecule. The molecule becomes effective for the treatment of Hepatitis C virus only when Sofosbuvir as a prodrug is converted to Sofosbuvir as a drug. The drug needs to enter the Hepatitis…

What is HIV? Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a Lentivirus from the family Retroviridiae[1] ,which infects CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages[2]. This results in a loss in immune function and eventually acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) when CD4+ cell count is very low[3]. There were approximately 1.5 million deaths in 2013 as a result of HIV-related causes[4] , many of these deaths occur due to the immune system being too weak to defend itself against opportunistic…

In recent years the field of virology has seen substantial growth as virus have now become a more widely researched subject. It was not too long ago relatively speaking that viruses were more or less an unknown entity, as many facts about viruses were unknown to the days researchers. Now however much more is known about what viruses are and how they work; more importantly it is known that viral agents are one of the leading causes of disease. Once it was established that they did in fact…

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus, a serious virus that spreads through the body and attacks the immune system. The virus specifically attacks the T cells (CD4 cells) of the body. This making it so the immune system is no longer able to fight off infections and diseases as the amount of T cells decreases to an amount below the average 700 to 1500 cells/mm. (Center for Disease Control, 2015, para. 1) Once the body loses so many T cells and damages the immune system so much, the HIV…

reproduced in cell culture, which resulted in slowing research progress of this human virus [2]. On the other hand, 15-20% of chronic hepatitis C patients achieve a sustained response to interferon therapy [3]. In addition, ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analog, which has an incompletely understood mechanism of action on hepatitis C virus [4]. According to Spach and Kim" In patients with chronic hepatitis C, initial therapy with interferon and ribavirin was more effective than treatment with…

The human immunodeficiency virus or HIV is a virus that unlike many other viruses the body can not fight it off, once contaminated with the virus the person must live with the human immunodeficiency virus for the rest of their life. What HIV does is it kills off CD4 Cells or T Cells which are white blood cells that the immune system develops in order to helps the body fight off diseases, infections and other viruses. If the HIV virus is not treated, with time the virus kills so many T Cells…

31. cis/trans isomers Isomers are compounds with a similar substance recipe however extraordinary structures. The structures of these isomers vary in the introduction of the two chloride particles around the Co3+ particle. In the trans isomer, the chlorides involve positions opposite each other in the octahedron. In the cis isomer, they possess contiguous positions. The distinction amongst cis and trans isomers can be recollected by taking note of that the prefix trans is utilized to portray…

Bristol-Meyers Squibb (BMS), is an oral antiviral drug that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and also in the prevention of HBV re-infection after a liver transplant. Entecavir was derived by modifying the natural nucleoside Deoxyguanosine. They are both identical in structure with an exception in the 5’ position of the carbon ring. Deoxyguanosine has an oxygen atom in the 5’ position whereas Entecavir has a carbon-carbon double bond.1 Since BMS was the…

One of the greatest gifts from God to humankind is biology. From the Greek words which mean the study of life, biology is a branch of science that focuses on how living things works. For example, how does a tiny human being turns into a full-grown adult in just matter of time? Why are there twins that look exactly alike but there are some that are not exactly alike? Thanks to biology, scientists now are able to answers these questions. It is all in the genes or more accurately the…

The Incredible Achievements in the Short History of HIV/AIDS Although commonly believed to have been transferred to humans by chimpanzees at some point between 1880 and 1920, the first official case of HIV occurred in the early 1980s. In November of 1982, there were 600 confirmed cases of AIDS, and the number was growing exponentially. In 1984, researchers discovered HIV, which is the virus that causes AIDS. At the time, patients with HIV that had progressed to would usually have somewhere…