Nonsense mutation

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Michelle Kral Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is my topic of choice. Throughout this paper you’ll read all about Hodgkin’s Lymphoma; how it came to be? Does it leave, stay, or come back once gone? Etc. To start off, the symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma are heavy breathing, night sweats,…

The title of the video, “Ghost in your Genes”, is very appropriately titled because it discussed the various appearances of phenotypic differences among organisms with identical genomes. In the mid to late 1900s, scientists were convinced that DNA sequences were solely responsible for every trait evident in organisms. After the human genome experiment, which involved compiling and analyzing genomes of thousands of different people, it was determined that humans have around 25,000 genes, far…

I: Serum tumor biomarker for Medulloblastomas Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most malignant and frequent childhood brain tumors. Development of a non-invasive assay to detect MB in early stages might improve the life of many children. Accordingly, identification of circulating tumor biomarkers in MB patients would facilitate screening and detecting the cancer, monitoring the progression of the disease, and predicting the prognosis for survival after clinical intervention. The transcription…

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a pathological expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat located in exon 3 of the ATXN7 gene (). The abnormal expansion results in the incorporation of a segment of polyglutamines into the mutant protein, which induces loss of neurons within the cerebellum, retina, and brainstem. This neuronal death leads to diverse clinical manifestations, which include progressive gait ataxia, pigmental macular…

Evolution is when alleles changes over time in a population. There are four major forces of evolution. These forces may increase or decrease gene diversity, meaning they can introduce new alleles or extinct some alleles. One of the forces is mutation. Mutation is when an error, replication or deletions that cause new genes to arise that neither parents has. This causes the population to become more diversity and is unpredictable. Another force of evolution is genetic drift. Genetic drift is…

XYY Syndrome Introduction A genetic disorder is an illness genetically caused by changes in the DNA. Genetic disorders are rare, but still affect many people. XYY syndrome also known as Jacob’s Syndrome or XYY Karyotype, is rare genetic disease that affects males. XYY syndrome is a mistake that happens when “the two y chromosomes fail to separate when sperm cells are formed” (www.rarechromo.org) This is caused by having an extra “y” chromosome which gives the males forty-seven…

The development of thyroid cancer arises from mutations in either receptor tyrosine kinases or effectors involved in those pathways. In particular, papillary carcinomas generally have alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK). For example, RET stands for "rearranged during transfection." RET is expressed in high amounts from the C cells in the thyroid, and the RET proto-oncogene is activated by fusion of the RET TK domain with the 5′ sequence of one of different…

which is much more common. The causes of Hodgkin's Lymphoma are unknown, but doctors do know what happens during the process of developing it. The disease occurs when a B cell, which is an infection fighting cell, develops a mutation in it's DNA. This mutation makes the cells continually and rapidly divide and live beyond their normal lifespan. The overgrown, mutilated cells crowd in the lymphatic system and and push the normal, healthy cells out. Although some people with…

just keep going without control. The melanoma mutation affects the cell checkpoints during the G1 and G2 Interphase steps. This causes the cell to lose control of division, and mutate, which causes cancers. In this case it would start in the skin. Since they are cancer cells and do not have limits, they grow and travel to other parts of the body out of control.…

The genetic counselling services can provide both advice and relevant information about specific genetic conditions. Genetic counselling works by looking at the likelihood of certain genetic disorders and genes being passed through to offspring and comparing the crossover of the parent’s genes and alleles and the potential risk of the child developing a genetic disorder. This allows the healthcare professional to identify any potential risks, meaning they are able to investigate and evaluate and…