Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Introduction: According to Drugs.com, “Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.” This includes conditions such as headaches, painful menstrual periods, toothaches, back pain, dental pain, migraines, arthritis and any minor injuries. Ibuprofen is also used to treat and reduce fever as well and is typically administered to individuals, both adults and children ages 6 months and older. Ibuprofen has been…

Cite! Fibromyalgia is referred to as an arthritis associated condition. Fibromyalgia has been around as early as the 1800’s. According to “spine-health” Fibromyalgia was seen in 1904, by pathologist Ralph Stockman”. Dr. Stockman first found the inflammatory changes in the fibrous the intra-muscular septa a.k.a. the thin membrane that divides two soft masses of tissue. The difference between arthritis and fibromyalgia is that unlike arthritis; fibromyalgia…

equipment, can help individuals function more effectively, following this can make a living with rheumatoid arthritis easier. Therefore, surgery is used when the joint damaged from the rheumatoid arthritis has become severe or pain is no controlled for drugs may can help. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that affect the autoimmune system. Consequently can be painful and disabling as I mentioned before can result in significant loss of mobility if is not treated early and…

Annotated Bibliography on Stress and Migraines Madison McClanahan The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Annotated Bibliography Sauro, K., & Becker, W. (2009). The stress and migraine interaction. Headache: The Journal Of Head & Face Pain, 49(9), 1378-1386. doi:10.111/j.1526-4610.2009.01486.x This article explains that over 50 percent of migraine patients examined were depressed or anxious. They reported that stress was not only a trigger for an attack, but also effected how long…

The pathophysiology of Carpal tunnel syndrome is the wrist bones that are known as the carpal bones and the ligament known as Transverse carpal make up the carpal tunnel. Compression or swelling of median nerve happens when the cover of the tendon gets inflamed or fibrosis block the passage through the carpal tunnel. Often cause by repetitive movement leading to numbness and tingling of fingers and forearm, wrist pain, weak grip and Tinel’s signs. Most often at night is when the symptoms…

Migraine Headaches Migraine headaches are a severe headache typically categorized by throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. They can be acute or chronic. They occur when a "trigger" stimulates the release of vasoactive neuropeptides, which causes blood vessels in the brain to contract and then dilate. This also produces vasospasms, which reduces blood flow. Platelets then clump together and release serotonin, which causes blood vessels to constrict even more. This triggers…

The pathophysiology of a headache to has not been aattributed to a single diease. It is however divided into three components. Mainly, migraine, tension headache, and cluster headache. A migraine headache is believed to arise from activation and sensibilization of trigeminal nociceptors, essential processes are located at the meninges and the meningeal vessels (Gaul, MeBlinger, Holle-Lee, Neeb, 2017). The exact cause of a tension headache is unknown; however, it is believed that pericranial…

K. and U.S. alone, approximately 20% of dogs suffer from some form of osteoarthritis. The most common of these being hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and post cruciate ligament disease. Typically these are treated through the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bur since these can have some adverse effects, it has been encouraged to find a more natural approach to the pain management of this disease. This way, use of NSAIDs can be reduced. According to Hielm-Björkman et al., the idea of…

Pharmacodynamics: Ibuprofen is a NSAID with anti-inflammatory; analgesic and antipyretics effects are the results of the ability to block the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme system, leading to the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins [6]. COX is the enzyme used for prostaglandin biosynthesis [3]. Both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are involved with prostaglandin production. The inhibition of these enzymes results in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin thus decreasing pain, fever, and swelling…

Inflammation is an essential part and highly regulated response to injury that promotes healing and provides protection against infection. Inflammation is frequently painful and hot, which can be easily controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In 2012, 98 million NSAIDs were prescribed in the U.S. (“Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain” www.consumerreports.com) NSAIDs are commonly used to treat pain and reduce fever and inflammation by reducing the amount of prostaglandins the body makes.…