Noble gas

meter circuits * Moving coil ratiometers * Moving magnet ratiometers THERMOCOUPLE INSTRUMENTS – do not require any external power since a thermocouple is an electrical generator. CYLINDER HEAD TEMP. (CHT) – For reciprocating engines. EXHAUST GAS TEMP. (EGT) – For both reciprocating and turbine engines CONSTANTAN – a copper nickel alloy used as the negative lead of a thermocouple for measuring the CHT of a reciprocating. CHROMEL – an alloy of nickel and chromium used as the positive…

plasmas) move faster, they carry more kinetic energy and feel warmer than a material with slower particles. Boiling Boiling is the process where molecules transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase, resulting in the formation of vapour bubbles within the liquid (Figure 1). Figure 1 – Liquid changing to a gas. Boiling Point Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure that surrounds the liquid. At boiling point, the vapour…

Paintball is a game that shoots out markers or paintballs, that when they hit, the markers explode causing a paint mark on a person, a piece of cover, and trees.Paintball is also a game where many people do different types of games like capture the flag to different battle scenarios. Before paintball was a game paintballs was used to mark cattle for shipping purposes. Many people play this game with pump guns. These guns have an air pump attached and also a hopper.The hopper is the top piece of…

The results from the experiment generally show the trials with full light intensity to have produced more oxygen, showing the elodea samples to have photosynthesised more than the lower light intensity trials. Trials 1 and 2 were in water bath 1 with full light intensity, whereas Trials 3 and 4 were in water bath 2, with lower light intensity. Experimental error caused the trials with the lower light intensity to be disrupted, and no data was collected for these trials on Day 8 of the experiment…

pressure across the film. Hence the permeability coefficient (P) is the proportionality constant between the flow of the penetrant gas per unit film area per unit time and the driving force (partial pressure difference) per unit film thickness. The amount of gas penetrating through the film is expressed in terms of either moles per unit time (flux) or weight or volume of the gas at STP. Commonly, it is expressed in terms of volume. The permeability coefficient (P), as defined by Eq. 2.24, is…

4.2 Glass Blowing Glass blowing is a glass-forming process that encompasses inflating molten glass into a bubble, with the help of a blowpipe. A person who blows glass is called a glassblower or gaffer. A person who manipulates the glass with a torch or other tools is known as a lampworker. 4.2.1 Principle of Glass blowing Glassblowing utilizes a working property of glass known as inflation. This refers to the expansion of glass by passing a small amount of air into it. The property exists…

The Mpemba Effect The Mpemba effect is a rather unusual physical phenomenon where hot water freezes faster than cold water, under certain conditions. Intuitively, this doesn’t make any sense. How could water of higher temperature reach freezing temperature quicker than water of colder temperature? Water freezes when it’s molecules lose energy and slow down enough to stick together, forming ice. The molecules of water of high temperature have more energy the molecules in the colder water. So,…

Solubility property of ozone is dependent on several extrinsic factors such as temperature, pressure, composition of the medium, pH, gas flow rate, etc. Henry’s law says that the pressure of the gas exerts above the liquid is directly proportional to the solubility of the ozone (Bablon et al., 1991). De Smedt et al. (2001) revealed that solubility of ozone is dependent on pH, temperature and type of additives of the aqueous solution. Levanov et al. (2008) found that solubility of ozone decreased…

reactor. Furthermore, the transport of the water vapor and liquid organic feed was assisted by the nitrogen gas that flowed through the same pipe. The syringe pump used for the organic feed injection was automatically controlled by a computer program according to set values. Because of the high temperatures encountered at the inlet of the reactor, the liquid organic feed was converted to gas before it reached the catalyst bed. A pressure gauge mounted at the mixing point of the reactant gases…

release rate model. The cylinder gas is considered as a spatially homogeneous thermodynamic system occupying in a single zone for the compression, expansion, intake, exhaust processes and two zones (burned and unburned zone) for the combustion process. The instantaneous composition of cylinder gases are obtained from the mass fraction of fuel burned. The instantaneous thermodynamic properties are computed by the established equations [20-21, 28]. The instantaneous gas properties are calculated…