Nitrogen fixation

Systems, or networks of interdependent components, function in cycles, so each component or element of the cycle can influence another. Feedback loops are the increase (positive loops) or decrease (negative loops) in a process or component and the fluctuation of any element of the cycle with affect the whole. Different loops interact within ecosystems and create what is referred to as “dynamic equilibrium.” In an elk population, if there is an abundance of elk being born and continuing to…

(soil:water = 1:1) performed by pH meter and Soil organic carbon was determined by dichromate oxidation (Walkley and Black, 1934). Total N in soil was determined by Semimicro-Kjeldahl method (Bremmer and Mulvaney, 1982). Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in soil was determined using FeSO4/Zn reduction method described by Carter (Carter, 1993). Total P in soil was determined using Sodium carbonate fusion described by Carter (Carter, 1993). Available phosphorus…

The book Dirt: the Erosion of Civilizations, by David R. Montgomery is both entertaining, and an informative read. He expresses how soil is one of the most underappreciated resources, and how humans over time have been a prime factor of soil degradation. This book primarily talks about how human infiltration has gradually continued to raise the rate of soil degradation through deforestation, agriculture, poor erosion control, and disinterest in the subject presented. Agricultural soil loss is…

in casting sand, or indirectly leaching from plastic, paper and metal waste in landfills or ocean-borne plastic trash. Despite a soil half-life of only 1–10 days, BPA's ubiquity makes it an important pollutant; It was shown to interfere with nitrogen fixation at the roots of leguminous plants associated with the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. A 2005 study conducted in the US had found that 91–98% of BPA may be removed from water during treatment at municipal water treatment plants.…

the assembly line and started mass production. "There was a thing, as I've said before, called Christianity”...."The ethics and philosophy of under-consumption…."So essential when there was under-production; but in an age of machines and the fixation of nitrogen—positively a crime against society." (3.200-4). In the book at solidarity people sing hems, praise their prophet Henrry ford, and speak of the coming of a higher being. Instead of like todays society where there are multiple gods and…

When you walk into a laboratory of biology, you will see people recording, discussing, and testing. Biology is a science that based on thinking and testing of a theories. Scientists of biology will join together to gather and information in the laboratory, forming a discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people who have common interest and have methods for communicating ways to achieve those goals. According to author Gary D. Schmidt and William J. Vande Kopple in “Discourse…

The Manhattan Project began in the United States during World War II in efforts to produce a nuclear weapon that could combat Nazi Germany. The project began in 1942 when the task of building a nuclear bomb was given to the War Department. Colonel James C. Marshall established the offices at the Atlantic Division headquarters on Broadway in New York City, hence the name of the “Manhattan Engineer District (MED)” which would later be known as the Manhattan Project. A number of laboratories…

All bacteria are lacking of a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, classifying them as prokaryotes. In the six-kingdom system used by the United States, all bacteria fall into the taxonomic kingdom of either archaebacteria or eubacteria. Bacteria are all unicellular and microscopic regardless of which kingdom they are grouped in. In general, archaebacteria are thought to resemble the first living bacteria on earth and are normally grouped by the climate in which they…

GMO’s or genetically modified organisms, were first introduced into the general population in 1982 when the FDA approved the first GMO. Since then, their usage highly increased, resulting in many Gmo foods being eaten a majority of people. Over the following years, the production of the GMO’s increased, along with their negative effects. Agriculture in high scales already hurts the environment, and the overproduction of food that the GMO’s result in directly harms the environment on an even…

Microbial associations with marine invertebrates Marine bacteria can have a large impact on other marine organisms throughout their lifecycle. Marine invertebrates may comprise more than 30% of all animal species and are commonly associated with distinct microbial communities (Otero-Gonzáles et al., 2010). Bacteria, archaea and single-celled eukaryotes may act as larval settlement cues, symbionts or pathogens to a range of marine invertebrate phyla. Bacteria quickly colonize available…