Raw material: Two sweet varieties of Apricot (Prunus Armeniaca L.) namely Marghulam and Halman fully ripened fruits were collected from Gilgit Baltistan region in Northern Areas of Pakistan. Apricots were sun dried under open condition (26-34+4 C, RH 41-52%) for 16-19 days. The sun dried Apricots were packed in polyethylene bags containing 01Kg of dried fruit. Further The dried samples obtained were ground to a fine powder and stored at 5°C in air-tight containers prior to further analysis.…
Anthony Alvarado Bio 1A Chronic oxidative stress via hydroxyl radical and imbalanced redox homeostasis Redox hemostasis has been shown to be an important factor in the overall aging and neurodegeneration processes in mammalian models; such as, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. As a result, redox homeostasis has been a key point of interest in current research. Redox homeostasis is the balance between electrophiles and nucleophiles in a system, more importantly in a biological system. These…
Pollinators, flowers, and their relationship play an essential role in ecosystems. Pollinators are responsible for facilitating fertilization in flowering plants, which provides seed production in fruits and vegetables. Pollination is important in agricultural communities with the fertilization of crops. It is estimated that pollinators contribute to the global economy by adding 217 billion dollars from pollinating a vast array of crops (Gallai et al., 2009). The pollinator-flower relationship…
Lemna is a free- floating aquatic plant from the duckweed family, that consists of small, individual thalli (Tkalec et.al, 2001). Lemna are small, fast growing plants and they develop dense mats on ponds, especially when enough light and nutrients are available (Gérard et.al, 2014). Salt is the most toxic substance, as it causes an inhibition of plant growth and a decrease in nutrient uptake (Chang et.al, 2012). Salt stress induces the production of abscisic acid (ABA), a plant stress hormone,…
digestive tracts in the worm produce molecules are natural buffers, because worms aerate the soil, leaving pockets of air in the soil, which increase the volume of the soil, and the earthworms would excrete casts that contain high amounts of phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium (“Earthworms—Crops and…
Fritz Haber was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1918 for "improving the standards of agriculture and the well-being of mankind". Yet the same process that landed him the highest honor for saving many lives ended up taking just as many away. He threw himself into the World War I by making bombs out of the love of his country. In the Radiolab Podcast about Haber and "What's Eating America" by Michael Pollard talks about how hard it is to place Haber under the category of good or evil.…
Why is ammonia important? The primary use of ammonia (NH3) is to provide nitrogen atoms for plants so they are able to make amino acids, proteins, and other biologically important molecules. In order to provide the vast amount of food demanded by a growing industrialised population, more efficient agricultural techniques and larger scale farms must be employed. There exists some naturally occurring nitrogen fixing bacteria that are able to convert atmospheric N2 into the more useful form of NH3…
resulting in ammonia. Nitrification is a process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. Denitrification is a process by which nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide by denitrifiers. Nitrogen fixation is a process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia by symbiotic or non-symbiotic mechanisms. 2. The distinguishing difference between the three types of soil used (cactus soil, peat moss, and all-purpose potting soil)…
The FTIR spectra of four phosphazenium salts and P5+ are shown in Figure S1. Four phosphazenium salts have characteristic absorptions at 2850 and 2930 cm-1, belonging to the stretching vibration of -CH2- and -CH-, respectively, and this peak in the P5+ represents the absorption of –CH3. All the five compounds exhibit absorption at 960, 1230, and 1442 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibrations of P–N. In the FTIR spectrum of Cy4P1+BF4-, the peaks at 1633 and 3432 cm-1 belong to water because…
We applied the thermodynamic model developed in this research to compare the equilibrium and experimental mole fraction of the product gases obtained from different bed materials. Figure 5 illustrates the evolution of the experimental mole fraction of the product gases for various bed materials. Also, a horizontal line indicates equilibrium mole fractions estimated by the thermodynamic model. It must be pointed out that the estimated equilibrium mole fractions of the product gases are expressed…