1. Describe the function of the scrotum in protecting the testes from temperature fluctuations. Scrotum is an external sex organ. The scrotum is a pouch like structure made up of skin. It has 2 main functions. It protects the testis and maintains 2-3oc temperature lower than body temperature, which is very important for spermatogenesis. The scrotum also contains numerous blood vessels and nerves. The cremaster muscle present in the scrotum contracts and pulls scrotum closer to the body whenever…
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) commonly known as hyaline membrane syndrome occurs in many premature births. As the gestational age for a baby decreases subsequently the likelihood of them having this condition will increase because their lungs are severely underdeveloped. The problems that stem from RDS include lack of surfactant, smaller alveolar surface span, elevated compliance of the small airways, and occasionally the ductus arteriosis might be a factor if it doesn’t close shortly…
Pathophysiological Effects (Cardiovascular Responses) of Excessive Exercise Abstract The cardiovascular system is a complex system that contains the heart, the blood as well as the vasculature. Its purpose is to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (organs and skeletal muscles). During exercise there is an increase in the supply of oxygen to the working muscles, this happens so that there is an increased generation of adenosine…
The major underlying mechanism for endothelial dysfunction seen in HTN is the decrease in the availability of nitric oxide (NO) which function is vasorelaxation, a consequence of increased oxidative stress in these patients.[1][3][4] Vasoactive substances: Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor is one of the major substances involved in maintaining vascular tone, it…
products. Vardavas and others did a research study on the effects that an electronic cigarette could produce on the respiratory system. The results concluded that people who inhale these chemicals could have drastic effects on airways resistance and nitric oxide levels. According to “Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes,” a study was concluded which states, “Researchers evaluated the acute effects of EC use on coronary flow. In particular, they measured the flow…
What is acid rain? Acid rain is a form of deposition in which chemicals with an acidic pH level are taken out of the atmosphere through precipitation. When we pollute the air by burning fossil fuels, we create different chemicals that end up in our atmosphere. A few of these have chemical reactions with the water in clouds, and form (depending on the chemical) sulfurous and nitrous acids. When it rains, this acid is taken back to the ground. While pure water has a neutral pH level of 7,…
Statins represent a class of cholesterol-lowering agents used for the treatment of dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids) and the reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Their broad and potent effects on the lipid profile and cholesterol-independent pleiotropic cardioprotective effects positioned them among the most prescribed medications worldwide. Statins were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a novel group of cholesterol-lowering drugs in attempt to offer…
1. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of coronary artery disease The term cardiovascular disease covers a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes that affects the heart and the circulatory system. Coronary artery disease (or ischemic heart disease) accounts for the greatest portion of cardiovascular diseases, and alone caused 8.2 million deaths globally in 2013 [1, 2], therefore it is the major cause of death worldwide. It remains responsible for about 30-35% of all deaths in individuals…
Case Study: The Case of the Man with the Weak Arm I. Definitions A. Essential Hypertension i. Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn't have a known secondary cause. It is also referred to as primary hypertension. B. Hypercholesterolemia i. an excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream. C. Afebrile i. not feverish. D. Stroke i. a sudden disabling attack or loss of consciousness caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain E. Thrombosis i. local coagulation or…
Nuclear Energy From flipping a switch to see the other end of your room at night, to developing this very document, electricity is a necessity humans in our country may simply never live without. We’ve learned to adapt to a society that has only taught us how to utilize its purpose, but are rarely taught about the consequences caused by generating the electricity through coal mines, and that there are alternative options to save our planet. Nuclear energy is alternative energy source…