Nephron

Adrenal incidentaloma (AI) refers to an otherwise unsuspected adrenal mass found in up to 5 % of patients undergoing radiological imaging. As high as one in five incidentalomas are functional; hypersecretion of cortisol causing Cushing’s or Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome (SCS), catecholamines leading to pheochromocytoma, aldosterone resulting in primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), androgens leading to virilization of patients, and in very rare cases renin manifesting as secondary…

bones. The high blood glucose levels damage blood vessels where the nerves retrieve nutrients. Without these nutrients, nerves are destroyed. Similarly, the kidneys are also victims of diabetes, each kidney is made up of tiny blood vessels called nephrons, which interlink with a tube to keep, for example, proteins or red blood cells or allow waste products to pass through. Excess glucose can cause kidneys to filter out a lot, which is the reason for excessive…

Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is an illness that involves the gradual loss of kidney function to the point that the nephrons lose their filtration abilities. Chronic kidney disease is increasing in prevalence in the United States, and this is causing significant financial and social implications. One major issue is that the disease has poor outcomes, and there is a need for the development of new interventions. Studies illustrate that there is a high prevalence of the earlier…

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are essentially smaller sized deposits of calcium which can be found in the nephrons and vary in size and shape. The stones have the opportunity to increase and travel down into the urinary tract, which can cause extreme pain throughout the body. Stones occur when salts in the urine form into a solid crystal. They can potentially block the flow of urine in the body and cause infection, kidney damage, or could lead to kidney failure. A sudden change or…

Effect of studying systems of Fetal pig Purpose The purpose of this pig dissection lab is to organize the body sturcture by observing external anatomy, oral cavity, neck, superficial muscles, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and both male and female reproductive systems. By studying the systems of the pig, it helps understand the systems of the humans because humans and pigs are both mammals which we can assume that systems of pig and human are similar. Results The sex of pig was able to…

Introduction The cardiovascular system provides appropriate organ and tissue perfusion at rest and at times of stress by regulation of blood pressure (BP). BP can be expressed as the product of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance. The arterial pressure level at any given time reflects the composite activities of the heart and the peripheral circulation.(Jones, 2004). Nervous system, hormonal and Kidney factors control blood pressure. 1. Nervous System 1.1 CO – Cardiac output CO…

Alcoholism is a serious health issue that affects millions of people and their loved ones every day. “Alcohol dependence refers to a medical illness characterized by loss of control, preoccupation with alcohol, continued alcohol use despite adverse consequences, and physiological symptoms such as withdrawal and tolerance” (Dawoodi & De Sousa, 2012, 208). Unfortunately, as more people continue to get older they come to rely on alcohol for the perceived physical and psychological benefits (Dawoodi…

Abstract Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease that involves the glomeruli. These are very small, important structures in the kidneys that supply blood flow to the small units in the kidneys that filter urine called the nephrons. During glomerulonephritis, the glomeruli become inflamed and impair the kidney's ability to filter urine. This can be a routine condition in childhood. Some children with GN can be treated in an outpatient setting, while others have to be hospitalized…

electrolyte and fluid balance ✓ R-egulates homeostasis of blood and acid-base balance ✓ R-egulates RBC production ✓ E-liminates end products of metabolism, ✓ S-ecretes renin, parathyroid hormones and Vitamin D [pic] The Kidney: Nephron • Functional unit of the kidney that produces urine by filtration Blood Supply of the Kidney • Renal artery- branch of the abdominal aorta • Renal vein- drains into the inferior vena cava The Ureters • 2 long…

Nephritis, inflammation of the kidneys in the nephrons, impairs the ability to excrete waste products and toxins in the body which can build up leading to toxicity. If left untreated for too long, permanent damage can be the result. The Lungs can also suffer with pleuritis, the lining of the chest cavity…