Nephron

Mr. ABC came in to the emergency department (ED) with a chief complaint of left sided chest pain with giddiness and associated with diaphoresis the same morning. While in the ED, he developed a sudden episode of shortness of breath. Mr. ABC has nil past medical or surgical history and has an allergy to Enalapril. His parameters taken are as follows: • Blood pressure: 112 /60 mmHg • Pulse rate: 42 beats/min • Temperature: 35.9°C • Spo2: 97% on room air • Respiration rate: 17 breaths/min An…

Functions of the Kidneys The kidneys assist in the internal regulation of the body by performing the following function- * Filtration - The kidneys remove the end products of metabolism and substances that have accumulated in the blood in undesirable amounts during the filtration process. Substances removed from the blood include urea, creatinine, uric acid and urates. Undesirable amounts of chloride, potassium, sodium, and hydrogen ions are also filtered from the blood. The glomerular…

Introduction of Patient My patient is Freda Wilson, a 64-year-old Caucasian female who resides in Shawnee, Kansas with her husband. Mrs. Wilson is 5’5” tall and weighs 148 pounds, has two adult children, and is a relatively healthy individual. Mrs. Wilson and her husband spent five days in Oklahoma babysitting their grandchildren, two boys – one and three years old. Within 24 hours of returning home, Mrs. Wilson had a headache, felt fatigue, and later in the afternoon spiked a fever in excess…

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that sit to each side of the vertebral column, with the left kidney situated slightly lower than the right. Remarkably, the pair of organs are able to process in the region of 1700 L of blood a day whilst only weighing approximately 113 – 170g (Porth, 2005). The blood is supplied to each kidney via a renal artery branching off from either side of the aorta (Martini, 2006), the renal artery then divides into segmental arteries that sub-divide into…

AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts. These two Aquaporins deal with regulating the osmolarity and the reabsorption of the nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct). In the research done by Noda on Aquaporins in kidney pathophysiology, the question of how much process has been made on understanding the regulation and pathophysiological roles of aquaporins is discussed. Noda…

Every thirty minutes the kidneys filter the blood in the body and removing the excess fluid. Most people live with two kidneys, but it is possible to live with one. I have survived with one kidney today trying everything to protect and live a longer life. “More than 26 million American adults have a chronic kidney disease (CKD). This means one adult out of every eight in the United States has decreased kidney function. (Santiago, 2015) How can people be so unaware of a disease that strikes…

C.M an 85 year old male came to the hospital presenting with short of breath, cough, increased respiratory effort, and wheezing. He was diagnosed with Pneumonia. C.M is a former smoker. He smoked a half a pack of cigarettes for 25 years. When smoking, the toxins breathed in irritate the respiratory system causing inflammation. Smoking for 25 years probably contributed to chronic bronchitis. C.M had a cough. The cough could have been from the chronic bronchitis. The bronchial mucus gland…

I will be focusing on the Kidney Cancer, but to understand Kidney Cancer, one needs to know about the systems it resides in. Starting from the Endocrine System, to the Urinary System, then to the Kidneys. The Endocrine System is made up of glands in an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system. The hormones that the glands secrete, help to regulate very important internal processes. The processes that they regulate are, growth and development, equilibrium through out…

A 94 year old female was admitted to the hospital with occurring symptoms of swelling (edema) in the both of the lower legs, shortness of breath (dyspnoea) and recent weight gain due to Congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Figueroa & Peters, 2016). The result of inadequate cardiac output (CO) is poor organ perfusion and vascular congestion in the pulmonary (left-sided failure) and…

The body is the most important thing to humans than anything else. It is important to take care of the body from any harm. One thing that the body is capable of is maintaining pH levels and buffers. A pH is the power of hydrogen and buffers prevent extreme shifts in pH. The blood has a specific type of buffer that is maintained at pH level of 7.4. If the buffers shifts and levels of pH go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate…