Necrosis

Introduction: The dental pulp is a loose connective tissue that is found in the center of the tooth. Its primary function is the formation and support of the dentine that surrounds it (Solómon, 2015). The pulp has the unique reparative capacity where it can cause the differentiation of new odontoblasts and in turn lay down dentine. The pulp can be damaged and this leads to the need for treatment. It can be damaged due to trauma either directly or from restorative procedures, an open restoration…

Abstract: Purpose: To point out the possible relationship between Periodontitis and Mild and Preeclampsia in pregnant women and to correlate this to association to clinical and recommended periodontal considerations. Keywords: Periodontitis; Periodontal; Preeclampsia; Gingivitis Relationship between Periodontitis and Mild and Severe Pre-eclampsia in Pregnant Women Introduction: For a long time, maternal health has been identified as a critical determinant in trimming down the…

Injury Details Hamstring injuries comprise a significant amount of acute musculoskeletal injuries arising during sporting activities (Canale et al, 1981). Usually, athletics, football and rugby athletes are notably prone to hamstring injuries due to the sprinting demands of their sport. It is, however, a major concern that one-third of hamstring injuries will recur, possibly during the first two weeks post return to activity. A premature return to play and/or a deficient rehabilitation…

Introduction Hepatitis is a condition of the liver inflammation that may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, parasitic infestation, alcohol, drugs, toxins or transfusion of incompatible blood. Hepatitis viruses, which can be sexually transmitted, represent a heterogeneous group of genetically unrelated viruses that target the hepatocytes (liver cells), causing hepatitis. The hepatitis viruses are remarkably different in their physical structure pathology, and epidemiology. And although…

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a growing epidemic today as people are living longer with the diagnosis. In 2013, it was estimated that over 550,000 new cases of HF arise annually in the United States.1 Globally, the prevalence of HF is over 23 million.1 The American Heart Association defines heart failure as a syndrome resulting from “any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.” 1 In essence, the heart fails to meet the…

when exposed to cold or during stressful situations (Mayo Clinic, 2017). In addition to symptoms, lupus can cause many other complications or conditions in individuals, such as kidney failure, strokes, anemia, heart attacks, cancer, and avascular necrosis (Mayo Clinic,…

Y. pestis is a nonmotile, gram-negative, nonsporulating, rod-shaped coccobacillus and a facultative anaerobe. Infamous for being the causative agent in plague, has been implicated in at least three devastating pandemics in modern history. The second plague pandemic includes the Black Death epidemic which caused the deaths of a third of the estimated European population in the fourteenth century (Haensch et al, 2010). More than five hundred years after the Black Death, during the third plague…

Organ transplants save thousands of lives each year and are considered one of the most significant medical innovations of the past century. Despite that, each year, the number of patients on the waiting list continues to grow, while the number of donors and transplants remains stagnant. One solution scientists are investigating in order to solve this problem is xenotransplantation, a procedure which involves the “transplantation, implantation, or infusion of live cells, tissues, or organs from a…

Chronic periodontitis is a complex disease caused by microorganism. recent studies showed the effect of periodontal diseases on the systemic health conditions like cardiovascular disease (CVD). C reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant which used as marker for monitoring of periodontal diseases and systemic health problems. Body mass index (BMI) on the other hand has a relationship with the level of CRP and severity of periodontal diseases as well as systemic health. 1.1. INTRODUCTION…

Imagine a world without medicine. Imagine the population of the world drop abnormally. The world will suffer without the use of medicines or antibiotics. But how are medicines created? The creation of medicines involves complex chemical reactions. But what makes a medicine safe to humans? A simple answer to this question would be animal testing. Testing a medicine on an animal to identify its symptoms or side-effects would be an effective solution. Some animals and human’s DNA are extremely…