Natural gas

extremely low (Borregales, 1979). Sub-categorization of heavy oils into extra-heavy and bitumens is based upon the viscosity of heavy oil at reservoir conditions. Extra heavy oils are reported to have a viscosity lower than 10,000 cP (mPa.s) while natural bitumens are of a viscosity higher than 10,000 cP (mPa.s) (Huc, 2010). Viscosity of heavy oils is directly dependent on the temperature and the oil gravity. Viscosity is expected to increase with a decrease in temperature and API gravity. This…

some of them.One of them is low air pollution it has low air pollution because most the pollutants are going into water because of cooling the nuclear reactor.Another one is low operating cost.It has a low operating cost because the things used are natural and are from dead animals in the environment. Another pro is a reliability to people and their homes.People need this reliability to heat their homes and see at night.One more pro is that it is a renewable resource.Even though it…

An essay about Environmental, economic and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. By Jason Hill et al. The authors try to determine whether ethanol, produced from corn grain, and biodiesel, produced from soybeans provide benefits over the petroleum-based fuels they displace. To be a viable alternative to fossil fuels, a biofuel (ethanol or biodiesel) should provide a net energy gain, have superior environmental benefits, be economically competitive with fossil fuels and…

research. However, there are other energies, less known and therefore less used, like biogas. Biogas is a renewable (source of) energy that belongs to the category of biofuels. It typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence…

worldwide recession and then unemployment crisis will occur. The worst thing that would happened is resource war would break out across the world, which means, this could be an origin of another world war. While becoming more fuel efficient and saving gas does help, it only prolongs the inevitable. On the other hand, It’s time for human races to invent and looking for the best alternative source of oil for us to live. With the consideration about pollution and our efficacy to gain it too.…

development in 1972. Ekofisk oil field is an oil field in block 2/4 which located at the Norwegian Continental Shelf of the North Sea (Figure 1.1). The total recoverable reserves of Ekofisk Oil field originally were 3, 324.2 million bbl oil, 156.1 bn ccm gas and 14.5 million tonnes of NGL. As of December 2012, the remaining recoverable reserves are approximately 129 million cubic meters. Figure 1. 1 Ekofisk are which located in Norway (Source : Norwegian Petroleum Museum, 2011) Figure 1. 2…

Distillation is the most widely used separation process in the chemical industries. The separation of mixtures by distillation depends on the relative volatilities between the components. The greater the relative volatilities, the easier the separation. DME can be used as an alternative raw material when it is converted to gasoline. The DME is converted to gasoline range hydrocarbons over a zeolite catalyst. In the gasoline production reaction, some reactions cause unwanted components which may…

Chemical Industry is one of the oldest and largest industries in the world, forming the backbone for many other downstream industries. It produces products and materials, 70% of which forms the input for other industries like Agriculture, Automobile, plastic, textiles, petroleum refining, primary metal and chemical industry itself which consumes 26% of its own output. Rest of the production is consumed directly in form of detergent, soap, perfumes and other consumer goods. The global chemical…

Introduction: British petroleum is one of the world’s largest firms that deal with discovering and extracting oil, refining oil, and selling oil and gas. Since, these products are supposed to be provided to certain many consumers around the globe therefore, it incorporate with many people in the diverse societies along with the many of the diverse organizations with which it works. These incorporations require maintaining several many ethical and societal issues in relation to both the people…

This informative article by Lutz Kilian discusses shale oil and its effect on oil prices in the United States. Shale oil is a term used by the oil industry for oil that is obtained from low-permeability rock, and it has caused a resurgence of oil production in the United States. This type of oil production was not available until quite recently, because of several technological advances in the industry. Currently, shale oil production, mostly from western states, accounts for a sizeable amount…