Nash equilibrium

The second argument Dawkins makes is that religion and God create a false hope to all those who put their faith in it (Dawkins 2014). He believes religion in the face of God encourages people to believe in a higher being who oversees everything and plays are part in the lives of each person on earth (Dawkins 2014). God and religion also creates a false hope that there will be white gates waiting for the after death (Dawkins 2014). Dawkins believes that God is a being that controls and influences…

completely dissociate in water. Some of them partially dissociates and creates a dynamic equilibrium due to the instances when their ions recombine to form the original salts. An example of this is potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6 or KHT). When KHT is placed in water, it partially dissolves and forms K+ and HC4H4O6- ions. This reaction is shown below: KHC_4 H_4 O_6 (s)⇄ K^+ (aq)+HC_4 H_4 O_6^- (aq) (1) The equilibrium constant of reaction (1) is written as Ksp or solubility product…

Energy needed for life comes from the breaking or forming of chemical bonds during chemical reactions. Energy is released in the formation of bonds and energy is also released when the bonds are broken, but in both energy is required to start the chemical reaction. This energy needed to start a chemical reaction, activation energy, comes from enzymes. Enzymes (almost always proteins) are organic catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions and allow the reactants to get the most out of the…

The aim of this experiment was to investigate which technique – out of gravimetric analysis and colourimetry – was the most appropriate and accurate method to practice when calculating the percentage yield of a reaction. When examining the data obtained from the investigation, there was evident that there were some trends in the results. For the three graphs showcasing the results for gravimetric analysis in task one and task two, there was no general pattern. This was due to the fact that in…

Potato Bubbles Introduction Our driving question for this lab was “How do changes in temperature and pH levels affect enzyme activity?” Throughout the duration of this lab, we explored enzymes and how environmental factors like pH and temperature affected enzyme activity. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. For this particular experiment, we studied the enzyme catalase, which is found in potatoes. Catalase reacts with hydrogen peroxide to break it down into its water and…

6. Quantitative determination of rat peroxisome proliferators activators γ (PPAR-γ): Rat PPAR-γ concentration was determined by ELISA; using a commercially available kit, MyBioSource, Inc., California, USA. The kit utilizing a monoclonal anti- PPAR-γ antibody and an PPAR-γ-HRP conjugate enzyme-linked immunosorbent process assay (ELISA) to determine the concentration of PPAR-γ in serum, plasma, urine, cell culture supernatant and tissue homogenates. Principle of the assay: The sample and buffer…

The Michaelis constant, Km, is the amount of substrate needed for the enzyme to obtain half of its maximum rate of reaction. (Oregon 2015) It reveals the enzymes affinity for the substrate and shows the magnitude of the enzymes affect on changing the rate of the reaction. For example, an enzyme with a high Km needs a large concentration of substrate to efficiently increase the rate of the reaction. (Oregon 2015) A low Km indicates that the enzyme will increase the rate of reaction with a small…

Introduction An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst, it speeds up chemical reactions (Freeman et al. 2017 p. 90). Enzymes are often large globular proteins and are able to hold substrates in specific orientations so they are able to react, the location where the substrate binds with the enzyme and reacts is called the active site and is the location where the catalysis occurs (Freeman et al. 2017). Enzymes activity is often related to the optimal environment for them in respect to…

Reactions: Chemical reactions involving aqueous species and mineral species are heterogeneous and slower compared to aqueous species reactions, thus modeled as rate dependent chemical reactions. This means that when mineral species (N_m ) are not is equilibrium with the aqueous species, the minerals can either dissolve or precipitate. As shown in equation R11 of an example of calcite dissolution/precipitation, a mineral species (Calcite) is involved in a reaction with only aqueous species…

Abstract: In this lab, three variables were tested to discover their effect on the enzyme catalase, taken from a cut and blended potato. The blended potato mixture was strained and put into a centrifuge, the liquid that was in the centrifuge contained the enzyme and remained on ice. The enzyme was placed in test tubes that had varying levels of pH buffers, substrate concentrations and temperatures; the pH, substrate concentration and temperature were the three variables. The data showed that…