N-terminus

For all organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, they all must regulate the specific genes that are expressed at any given time (Campbell 365). Each organism continuously turn on and off genes in response to external and internal environmental signals. The regulation of gene expression is especially important in multicellular organisms since it is essential for the different types of cell to have their own cell specialization (Campbell 365). In order for each cell to do it’s given role, they each…

Introduction Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a fatal disease that is characterized by the appearance of rapid aging in children. HGPS is rare, affecting roughly 1 in 8 million live births. HGPS can be identified by early symptoms that include slow development, limited growth, alopecia, localized scleroderma, and a distinct facial structure which includes a small face, shallow jaw, and pinched nose. As the disease progresses, new symptoms arise, such as hearing and vision loss…

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited, type IV palmoplantar keratoderma (Hart, et al., 2000). Its prevalence is approximately 4 cases per one million people with no sex or racial predominance (Sreeramulu, et al., 2015). Approximately 1 to 4 people per thousand are carriers of the disorder (Sreeramulu, et al., 2015). If both parents are carriers, there is only a 25% chance that their offspring will be affected. If both parents are affected with PLS, there is a…

Figure 2. The proteomic organization of three subfamilies of Smads (Co-Smad, R-Smad and I-Smad) and organization of a Smad MH1 domain with DNA. (A) All Smads information taken from PDB entry Smad>UniProt Gene list of Smads. The conserved N-terminal MH1 domain is in red, linker region in dark blue and the C-terminal MH2 domain in deep yellow. In the linker region the red PXS/TP (or S/TP) indicates the potential phosphorylation site for MAPKs ERK1/2, and the square indicates the PY…

called VP2’, which is about 4,000 Daltons larger than VP2. Additionally, the sequence for VP2’ is contained within the sequence coding for VP1 and requires exon splicing (3,4). Once VP2’ has been synthesized, 30 amino acids are removed from its amino terminus through proteolytic cleavage (4). The end result is a nested set of VP1 and VP2 creating FPV’s unique capsid. VP2 makes up 90% of the capsid structure (9). The core structure of both VP1 and VP2 consists of an eight-stranded, anti-parallel…

Introduction: Enzymes play a major role in biological systems to catalyze and control different reactions. The study of enzymes’ behaviors toward substrates and products is significant to understand various enzyme catalyzed reactions in living organisms. One of the most important enzymatic group is cytochrome P450 (CYP450) which contribute to the metabolism of many endogenous as well as exogenous substances such as drugs. Although there are several subtypes of CYP450 family, CYP450 1A1 is going…

GFP tagging can aid in the analysis of protein geography, movement and chemistry in a living cell (Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2003). A His-tag is a sequence of approximately six histidine residues that is usually attached to either the N- or C- terminus of the protein being targeted (Loughran and Walls, 2010). The purification process usually uses immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) (Kaplow et al., 2009). In this technique, metal ions such as Ni2+ are immobilized on a resin…

PTEN regulation of PI3K/AKT Pathway In the first lecture of class we discussed a diagram from Saltiel and Kahn 2001. The diagram presented the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Serine/Threonine Kinase (AKT)/ Protein Kinase B (PKB) pathway inhibition of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and a recent study reports similar findings (Mathew et al. 2016; Saltiel and Kahn 2001). Activation of PI3K/AKT signaling…

The first step in their experiments was to create circularly permuted GFP which was done by inserting various amino acids on the N-terminus of a family of second messenger molecules. Products of this insertion included a circular GFP and a circularly permuted clover shaped GFP. Two other GFP molecules were obtained by linking the C and N-termini of cpsfGFP-OPT using peptides. Once the GFP molecules were produced the authors proceeded to produce their sensor, called ASAP1, by using…

Chapter 7: 7.1 Frame synchronization: The beginning and end of each frame must be recognizable. 7.2 The function accomplished by a receiving entity to limit the amount or rate of data that is sent by a transmitting entity. 7.3 A flow control protocol in which the sender communicates a block of data and then awaits an acknowledgment before transmitting the next block. 7.4 • The buffer size of the receiver may be limited. • On a shared medium, such as a LAN, it is usually sensible not…