N-terminus

mRNA is translated from a five posion to a three position direction. The beginning end of this translated polypeptide is called the N- terminus, while the "three" end of the polypeptide is the C- terminus. The C terminus is where the stop codon is located and where translation processes end for that mRNA template. The main four phases of translation are pre- initiation, initiation, elongation, and termination. A basic transcription…

Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect. The demand for modified peptides with improved stability profiles and pharmacokinetic properties is driving extensive research effort in this field. Many structural modifications of peptides guided by rational design and molecular modeling have been established to develop…

polyprotein (between 340k and 368k), that is cleaved into 10 functional proteins (Riechmann et al., 1992) such as: Protein P1, HC-Pro, P3 protein, CI, NIa , NIb, 6K1, 6K2, VPg. The potyviral P1 protein is a serine protease that cleaves at its own C-terminus (Verchot et al., 1991). This is the most divergent potyviral protein in size (30-63 kDa) and sequence except protease domain which is placed at C-terminal region (Yoshida et al.,2012Adams et al., 2005; Urcuqui-Inchimaet al., 2001). Protease…

Sonic hedgehog signalling function during nervous system development 13354626 Katie O’Byrne words including references Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a glycoprotein that is secreted by and diffuses through the developing nervous system. It is a member of the hedgehog family of signaling molecules. The Sonic hedgehog signaling cascade is an integral trafficking system that influences the pattering and growth processes involved in the development of multicellular organisms. Shh is particularly important…

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense and is fundamental for the recognition and the initiation of an inflammatory response against microorganism. Maintenance of homeostasis is a primary function of the innate immune system and it is achieved through immune surveillance by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs). The PRR’s are predominantly expressed by cells of the…

Since acetic acid is considered a weak acid (strong within the scale of weak acids), there is a range at which the acetic acid and acetate will form a stable buffer. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffers, it’s possible to calculate the pH based on the ratio of acid to conjugate base, or calculate the ratio given the pH and pKa value. Finding charge on a protonated amine: The pKa value given for the amino group on any amino acid specifically refers to the equilibrium between the…

Protein aggregation is the process whereby proteins are misfolded. It is a phenomena that has been widely discussed in the scientific community over the recent years as it can lead to detrimental effects on our health such as neurodegenerative diseases. In this essay, I will be discussing the structure of a protein, its role in the human body as well as protein aggregation and the negative consequences it has on our health. Proteins are large molecules, also known as polypeptide chains which are…

This writing presents the structure of proteins, their importance for life and processes under which they are made. It will also describe two groups of proteins and give some examples. Proteins (also called polypeptides, peptides or amino acids) are large polymers and main components of cells. They are produced by condensation reaction from amino acid monomers, therefore proteins are called condensation polymers. Each protein is formed by a unique sequence of 20 naturally occurring amino…

hetro-tetramer, but in both cases the C- and N-terminus they are orientated into the cytoplasm because they have domains in which molecules can bind to controlling the activation of the TRPM2 channel [1] The C-terminus of this channels it contains coiled-coil character, linker region and most importantly a Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) pyrophosphates domain or Nudix like domain (it is important in the activation of the TRPM2) (figure 1, appendix) [5] The N-terminus on the other hand…

Write an essay on the structure of proteins, emphasising the forces that sustain their three dimensional structures. Introduction MORE Proteins are nitrogenous organic macromolecules constructed from a base sequence of 20 amino acids at the ribosome in cells. There are over 100,000 different proteins encoded by thousands of different genes within the human body. They all perform different functions e.g. antibodies providing immunity and enzymes catalysing metabolic reactions. The…