Mutation

Mutations and errors in sexual reproduction allow for variation within a population. These variations can eventually lead to the complex process of evolution in a species. The genetically derived mutation Polycythemia and the environmentally derived mutation lip augmentations, affect human evolution in a beneficial and detrimental way. Evolution is change in the aspects of a certain species over a period of time. This is caused by mutations which are variations or differences in the genome. Both…

issue since the discovery of the first antibiotic Penicillin in 1928. There are 5 mechanisms which allow resistance to impede new antibiotic development for the last 29 years (WHO, 2016) consisting of mutations in target genes, enzymatic resistance, latency, antibiotic efflux and non-specific mutations. Latency and antibiotic efflux are some of the most detrimental mechanisms on antimicrobial resistance. Latent tuberculosis is a prominent example, consistently a focus globally with a third of…

Drosophila Melanogaster, or better known as the common fruit fly, is found all over the world and referred to as the cosmopolitan species (Mitrick, 2010). This fruit fly has three main body parts, which include the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. On males, the bottom half of the abdomen is black, while on the female, each segment of the abdomen is striped black. Drosophila have four main stages to their life cycle. These include: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The eggs small and translucent eggs…

this world faces adversity at some point in their life. Everyone is not, however, born with a genetic condition that has the odds stacked against them from the very beginning. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a rare form of genetic mutation that shows some aspects of physiological aging from a very young age. Symptoms become more prominent as a carrier of the disease ages. HGPS is of interest to me, because this is a disorder that resembles accelerated aging, and if we were able do…

Typically, a person will have 2 copies of most of their genes. One from their mother, and one from their father. When a person inherits copies of a gene that are abnormal then they are already born with one mutation. If the copy that hasn’t inherited the abnormal gene stops working, the gene may stop working altogether. If the gene that stops working, is a cancer susceptibility gene then cancer may develop. Sometimes the cancer susceptibility gene can function…

This is especially the case with these cellular processes regarding the extracellular matrix. Mutations dealing with cell division occur when normal cells start to gain different molecular changes. Integrins are adhesive receptors on the ECM. When cell division mutations occur the integrins aid in tumor progression by providing the environment for the cells to survive, grow and invade. Cells are transformed and genetic alterations…

cells are able to form, based off of the original hypothesis, is through transcriptional malfunctions during mitosis. The tumor suppressors that are used in cellular division lose their function due to mutations, and the genes that have the ability to become cancerous due to over expression and/or mutations become more highly functioning. This gain and loss of function results in the instability of the chromosomes undergoing the process of cellular division. Some genes and proteins that may be…

Alzheimer’s disease is considered to be genetically heterogeneous, which means that the disease can be caused by a single mutation in a gene or multiple mutations in a gene. Early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease is an autosomal dominant disease, which means that there is enough of a mutation on one of the non-sex chromosomes to cause the disease. You can receive this from either parent, depending on which parent has the dominant gene, most likely the parent who has familial history of…

Homozygous mutation can be lethal, only some of the lucky offspring can survive. Heterozygous is most common type that we can observe. hid is on chromosome 3L. The expression of gene depends on what types of mutation happen on the genes. After many researches, scientists conclude that hid plays a really important role in apoptosis. Most of them happen right after…

1. One of the main topics could be the drug resistance mechanisms of bacteria. 2. First, spontaneous mutation which changes the drug target or upregulate drug efflux. Second, Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) that the genes in bacteria acquire to become resistant. HGT can cause multidrug resistance in a genetic event which make the bacteria become resistance. Third, the ability of bacteria that they can form biofilm while they are being infected. The bacteria provide themselves protection to…