Mutation rate

Evolution is when alleles changes over time in a population. There are four major forces of evolution. These forces may increase or decrease gene diversity, meaning they can introduce new alleles or extinct some alleles. One of the forces is mutation. Mutation is when an error, replication or deletions that cause new genes to arise that neither parents has. This causes the population to become more diversity and is unpredictable. Another force of evolution is genetic drift. Genetic drift is…

coli can recover after being exposed to a small dosage of U.V. light and see if it can potentially serve as a treatment of E. coli from food and water sources, I have devised an experiment to test the recovery rates of E. coli in various environments. Four separate plates with the same strand of E. coli will be exposed to UV light at a set wavelength (~300nm) and for a set amount of time (~20 seconds). The growth of these E. coli colonies after being exposed to…

much smaller than the whole genome, results are obtained at a faster rate and higher resolution than WGS. Some scientists think that exome sequencing is more beneficial than WGS because we only know how to interpret the exon of the genome (Perkel, 2013, p. 262). Although WGS produces more data (including the noncoding regions) this alone does not outweigh the fact that it is more expensive and provides results at a slower rate than exome…

Everyone Can’t Be Super Seeking perfection in an imperfect world has been a massive dilemma in today’s society. The rapid development of technology in this generation has created many new opportunities for genetic engineering. In California, a personal-genomics organization has been awarded a U.S. patent for techniques used in fertility clinics to create babies with selected traits. This human modification will lead to the controversial idea of designer children with artificial attributes.…

were due to environmental factors or people’s lifestyles, and 5 percent (5%) due to inherited mutations [2] The transcription of a gene begins with transcription elements, mostly protein and RNAs, binding to regulatory sites on DNA. The frequency of this binding affects the level of expression. Experiments have verified that a stronger binding site will increase the effect of a protein on transcription rate. On the other hand, since the DNA sequences is unchanged,…

abnormal. It forms a sickle looking shape red blood cells. The main cause of Sickle Cell Anemia is from the mutation of a protein called Hemoglobin. (1, 7) Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the various parts of the body like liver, muscle etc. There are four protein subunits or parts which are two subunits of alpha globin and two subunits of beta globin. (10) The mutation happens in the beta globin called Hemoglobin beta globin or HBB gene. (3) When this occur…

macromolecule formed by the interaction between multiple polypeptide chains. Hemoglobin consists of two alpha helices and two beta bleated sheets, known as globular subunits.15 As Figure 1 depicts, sickle cell disorder results from a single nucleotide mutation which leads to the substitution of glutamic acid by valine in the beta globular subunits, upsetting the typical protein structure which leads to the…

(deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries most of our genetic information, and possesses a negative charge. During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments can migrate through the gel also known as agarose when placed in a powerful electrical field. The rate at which the DNA fragments will move through the gel depends on their relative size. Horizontal gel slabs are commonly used on conducting gel electrophoresis. The agarose gel is poured onto a plastic plat forming wells, and then DNA…

fundamental keys to survival.” (2) The unknown dangers and possible outcomes of altering human DNA is often unsettling to people against genetic engineering. Other arguments against genetic engineering are based on a moral and religious standpoint. Genetic mutation can be seen as ”playing god.” Advocates say that no one has the power to manipulate the almighty. They believe that all humans are born as they were meant to be in the way of god. People also argue that genetic engineering is…

There are three timetables worth looking at in terms of human germline modification using CRISPR method. The first one is the short term; how the technology will affect people and society in the first five years of its implementation. The second one is the medium term; how the technology will have impacted healthcare, society and people in the first hundred years of its implementation and lastly the third one, which is the extreme long term; how the technology will have affected human evolution…