Mutant

hypothesis by fusing XAL2 to a 35SCaMV promoter for over-expression of XAL2 in comparison to the control XAL2. The 35S::XAL2 A. thaliana was planted along with a control and the xal2-2 mutant. The 35S::XAL2 line flowered the earliest and thus was largest, compared to the wild type which flowered second and the xal2-2 mutant flowered last and was the smallest (Figure 1). However, while XAL2 over-expression does quicken the floral transition time; it terminates the vegetative phase prematurely as…

deletion at the C-terminal resulting short frameshift. To identify the functional mutant type protein, both the wild type and mutant type protein were transfected into SW13 cells, that lack the cytoplasmic intermediate vectors. The wild type formed a complete filamentous network whereas the mutant GFAP produced uniquely different style of protein clumps. In addition, co-transfection was performed to check the dominance of mutant GFAP protein. These new findings provide an insight to having a…

Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin is located in the plasma membrane of Halobacterium halobium, where it acts as a proton-pump, transporting protons out of the cell. Since its discovery in 1979, much research has been done on Bacteriorhodopsin and there have been many advancements in our knowledge. Firstly, on its structure and function and secondly, on the conformational changes it undergoes during retinal isomerisation. Introduction Bacteriorhodopsin is a globular protein, (Henderson, 1975) which…

Introduction This experiment was designed to examine inheritance patterns in Drosophila melanogaster. Three crosses were set up to examine the inheritance of eye color, body color, and wing shape. The mutant males used in this experiment had: sepia eyes with ebony bodies, white eyes and yellow bodies, or sepia eyes with vestigial wings. All of the females were wild-type. It was also confirmed that the females being used were virgins. This fact was important since female flies can store the…

S. aureus is clinically recognised as an important pathogen in terms of human infection. Despite its common presence in the natural microbiota of the human body, S. aureus is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Infection with this pathogen can lead to a range of disorders from relatively mild skin infections to life threatening illness such as osteomyelitis. The ability of S. aureus to control expression of a virulent phenotype according to environmental conditions is regulated…

inbreeding and eating dirt. Besides that i say that this movie was very strange.The movie Waterworld is a post-apocalyptic story about a mutant named Mariner. As the polar ice-caps in the world have all melted, very little land remains, causing some humans to mutate into growing webbed feet and gills, to adapt to their new environment. However, some humans see these mutants as monsters and shun or even kill them. When the Mariner (Kevin Costner) arrives to a floating settle with dirt and sells…

the translation of the gene sequence into the protein in vitro. However, the process of designing an siRNA which would target the mutant CAG repeat does inevitably result in degradation of normal huntingtin mRNA, as well as many other genes that have CAG repeats. This means that the siRNAs that target CAG repeats are unable to differentiate between the wild-type and mutant Htt genes (Lo, Hughes; 2010). Yet, a study from 2007 showed that directly administrating siRNAs directed against Htt has…

Worms. Big worms, small worms, slimy worms. You may not think about worms every day and you might not care for them, but some worms actually play a great role in science. I’m talking about C. elegans. These microscopic worms are being investigated by scientist all the time. They were discovered in the 1970’s by Sydney Brenner and currently an international consortium of laboratories are collaborating on a project to sequence the entire 100,000,000 bases of DNA of the C. elegans genome (CBS). So…

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide consisting of β(1→ 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units in a linear form. Chitin is insoluble in water and mainly exists in two crystalline (α- and β-) forms. The α-chitin consists of sheets of tightly packed alternating parallel and antiparallel chains (1) and is abundant in the exoskeleton of arthropods, insects, fungi, and yeast cell walls. The chains are arranged in parallel orientation in β-chitin (2), which occurs less…

It is well known that the temperature that a plant is grown in greatly affects the manner in which that plant grows. If the conditions are too extreme for a plant, then that plant cannot be as productive as other members of its species grown at less extreme temperatures. Such is the case of the pepper or tomato plant; if temperatures are too high for these plants, then the pollen these plants produce becomes inviable and these plants cannot successfully reproduce (Environmental Factors That……