Muscles of the upper limb

control voluntary muscles. ALS is not a single disease, but a clinical diagnosis for many different pathophysiologic diseases that share a common factor of progressive loss of motor neurons and break down of the motor neuron system. ALS is known by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. As the upper motor neurons deteriorate, the cells “suffer from a retrograde axonal loss with secondary myelin pallor and gliosis”. While these changes are more severe at the brainstem and upper spinal cord,…

complex arrangement of bones, ligaments and musculotendinous units that called the shoulder girdle. The primary role of the shoulder girdle is to provide a tremendous range of motion for positioning the upper extremity in space. The shoulder girdle also provides power and support for the upper extremity throughout and at the extremes of the range of motion. (19) The shoulder girdle includes three bones (scapula, clavicle, and proximal humerus), three joints (glenohumeral,…

systemically. Poor circulation of a limb can result in a cold and often painful residual limb. Many patients state that it takes a number of hours for the limb to return to a normal temperature and for the burning sensation to diminish. Winter can be a difficult time for these patients due to decreased peripheral blood flow from the cold weather. Since muscles have been disrupted, they begin to atrophy due to reduced activity which contributes to the missing muscle pump action resulting in…

rotate the pelvis anteriorly[17]. 2.2.2 Psoas This muscle is only muscle group in human body with direct attachment to the spine, the pelvis and the femur. Therefore it has potential to influence, and influenced by movement at both of the spine and hip joints[18]. 2.2.3 Gluteal maximus muscle: superficial group The gluteus maximus muscle is the one of the largest muscle in the gluteal region and it covers most of the other gluteal muscles. It is quadrangular in shape and has a broad…

the inherited gene raise the risk of a child developing essential tremor. Age is another factor causing this second most common movement disorder. Electrical fluctuations in the brain, sends abnormal signals prompting a tremor instigating a loss of muscle control. Illnesses like Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors and lifestyle habits of alcohol and drugs can bring about the shaking and loss of balance…

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited neuromuscular disorder of childhood which primarily affects boys characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting due to a mutation in the dystrophin gene of X chromosome. Degeneration of muscles usually begins to appear in the lower half of the body then spreading into upper limbs and eventually leading to death. Between 1830 and 1850 scientists reported on an illness where boys grew gradually weaker, lost the ability to walk and died at an…

controlled by complex interactions within our central and peripheral nervous systems. The three major types of sensory input come from the visual (eyes), vestibular (inner ear), and somatic (body) sensory systems. The somatic sensory receptors found in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin are collectively known as proprioceptors and they gather information about body position and the direction and velocity of movement. Effective learning and performance of the movement patterns…

receive their oxygen which in turn stops aerobic respiration. In the muscle, actin and myosin filaments cause the contractions until ATP binds to myosin and detaches the actin and myosin from each other. Aerobic respiration is necessary to produce more ATP, but cannot occur once breathing and the heartbeat stop. The shortage of ATP would not allow the myosin and actin filaments to release from their contracted state, leaving the muscles to remain stiff and tense (Zhou, 2015). According to…

Introduction: Upper limb ischemia presenting in the neonatal period is exceedingly rare1. Limb ischemia occurring in utero has three main causes: thrombosis, embolism, and in utero compression2. Neonatal arterial thrombosis and embolism are serious conditions that often result in high morbidity and mortality.3,4 Approximately 90% of neonatal arterial thromboembolic (TE) events are linked to iatragenic causes, including catheterization.4,5 TE events occurring in utero are especially rare, and can…

1. INTRODUCTION OSHA defines musculoskeletal disorders as “Injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal disk”. According to OSHA, the MSDs listed as: Carpel tunnel, Rotator cuff syndrome, De Quervain, Trigger finder, tarsal syndrome, Sciatica, Epicondylites, and Tendonitis. Most of the work related MSD’s are developed over time and are caused by the work itself or the working environment of the employees. These are also possible to occur from…