Mucous membrane

every living cell has water in it. Every living cell in surrounded by fluids. Water dissolves more substances then any other liquid. The ions dissolved in water are needed by organisms for growth and to manufacture various body substances. Every organism must keep it internal body fluids in balance in order to survive. Water uptake must balance water loss. Water- roots and root hair absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Roots are long and have a large surface area. Roots have thousand of root…

be reached by those body parts which are far away. Tiny fibres which are located in our muscles need a substantial amount of energy to be processed in order to carry out simple everyday duties such as lifting different mass objects. The plasma membrane which surrounds the cell is responsible for the exchanging…

of proteins into the nucleus occurs via a channel called nuclear pore complex (NPC), which penetrates and spans the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, hence giving a shorter pathway for proteins to enter the nucleus; inner nuclear membrane contains proteins acting as binding site for nuclear lamina, indirectly providing support for the NPC as the primary function of nuclear…

contamination protein), where the amounts of exosome protein were still uncertain. To solve this issue, we tested 10% of each tag-labeled sample using LC-MS/MS before mixing, and obtained the amount of exosome protein by a label-free method. High-abundance contamination proteins including all forms of IgG and FN were deleted from the list of identified proteins. The remaining proteins were assumed to be derived from exosomes. Then, all peptide intensities of exosome proteins were log2…

The forward osmosis (FO) process is an emerging separation/desalination process. It is rapid process compared to other membrane processes such as reverse osmosis. The physical phenomenon of forward osmosis (FO) can demonstrated as the motion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane due to difference in osmotic pressure driving force through the membrane. The membrane enables only water molecules to pass through when salt molecules are rejected. The forward desalination technique…

Transcytosis is mediated by the binding of a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of an endothelial cell, with its specific ligand on the apical side. Caveolin-I protein present on the apical surface of the plasma membrane then forms microdomains called ‘caveolae’, which mediate transport of the ligand-receptor complex into the cell. Thus, coupling the nanocarrier-drug conjugate to a ligand that…

Each Rab specifically targets to a membrane compartment and controls several factors, such as protein and lipid composition of the membrane, fusion between distinct compartments, vesicle motility along microtubules, and interaction with the cytoskeleton. The membrane targeting process, as well as specific binding to GDI, requires post-translational isoprenylation (geranylgeranyl moieties) of the two Cys residues at or near the C-terminus of Rab (Chavrier et al., 1991; Ullrich et al., 1993). √…

binding of a ligand to receptor. Cell-surface receptors are also known as trans-membrane receptors as they are located on outer surface of the plasma membrane to bind the ligand outside the cell. Cell surface receptors are membrane-anchored integral proteins that mediate the communication between the outside world and the…

areas at a higher concentration to low concentrations, so it doesn’t require energy. Active transport takes place in the membranes of both the mitochondria and chloroplasts. These transports are of protons to produce a proton gradient, which is associated with ATP synthase. In the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts provides energy in electrons to pump the protons across the membrane in the direction opposite…

Recent Insights into the Structure, Regulation, and Function of the V-ATPases Vacuolar ATPases are proton pumps that are dependent on ATP. They are involved with processes along the plasma membrane. The processes involved are membrane traffic, protein degradation, bone resorption, tumor cell invasion, and pH homeostasis. There has been a better understanding of the structure and mechanism of V-ATPases. Another thing brought to light, are the mechanisms that occur to regulate its activity in…