Motor neuron

nervous system by neurons.A neuron is a nerve cell that conducts; all the parts of our nervous system are made up of cells called neurons. All neurons have 3 parts: dendrites, a cell body and an…

is best understood by socio-cognitive context. The “triune brain” according to Maclean consists of the limbic system, neocortex, and the brainstem. Brainstem has two main functions, first it a channel for incoming sensory information and outgoing motor commands, much like the spinal cord. Second, the brainstem possesses integrative functions that are critical for cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, and…

system is made of many skeletal muscle fibers which have at least one neuromuscular junction. A neuromuscular junction is the area of the skeletal muscle fiber that is innervated by a motor neuron (motor nerve). It plays a key role in body movement and breathing along with our nervous system. The synaptic knob, motor end plate, and the synaptic cleft are all key parts of the neuromuscular junction. The synaptic knob of an axon connects with a skeletal muscle fiber to form the neuromuscular…

The gray matter is seen in cross section as an H- shaped pillar containing the cell bodies and dendrites of afferent neurons and glial cells. While the white matter is composed of mostly myelinated axons. The lower motor neurons presents in the gray matter , which branch out from the cord to muscles, internal organs and tissue in other parts of the body. The upper motor neuron is located in the brain.…

upper and lower motor neurons of the spinal cord. It is found in both familial and sporadic forms. Familial ALS is recognized by mutant SOD1 which fails to convert reactive oxygen species to hydrogen peroxide and/or water; however, studies have shown the presence of SOD1 aggregates in sporadic forms as well (Redler and Dokholyan, 2012). This is due to the ability of wild-type SOD1 to become toxic due to oxidative stresses in the cell during glutamate excitotoxicity of motor neurons (Yin and…

call and place the phone back onto my desk. The body system that enables me to successfully complete this phone call is the nervous system (Gade, 2015a). The nervous system is the association among the billions of neurons in the brain, in the spinal cord, and throughout the body. A neuron is a cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information. The brain and spinal cord…

Mirror neurons were discovered almost eighteen years ago, which is fairly recent for scientific understanding; it is not yet known the extent of mirror neuron functions or what happens when they are exclusively damaged (Lepage & Theoret, 2007). The areas of the brain thought to make up the MNS are up for debate, but the areas supported by the current research are the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis in the prefrontal cortex, the ventral pre-motor cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, and…

. Neuromodulators are messengers released by neurons that can control the activity of neurons without specifically causing a depolarization or hyperpolarization. They are found in the central nervous system, and they affect certain groups of neurons or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors. However, neuromodulators can be used to treat epilepsy, other pain syndromes and even certain movement disorders. Examples of neuromodulators are as follows; a. Noradrenaline (Noradrenaline…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease is a motor neuron disease that causes degeneration of neurons that control voluntary muscles. ALS is not a single disease, but a clinical diagnosis for many different pathophysiologic diseases that share a common factor of progressive loss of motor neurons and break down of the motor neuron system. ALS is known by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. As the upper motor neurons deteriorate, the cells “suffer from a retrograde…

Dividing its negative effects into the 3 pathways, “damage to the mesotriatal pathway can lead to movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease” where we lose all voluntary motor control and have symptoms such as muscle spasms and difficulty with moving our limbs (Blumenfeld, 2010). The second pathway is the mesolimbic pathway, where if problems arise in the mesolimbic pathway, it “can lead to positive schizophrenic symptoms…