Monoclonal antibodies

Antihistamine: Mechanism of action and classes Antihistamines are antagonist or inverse agonist of histamine receptors(HRs) which can help manage the symptoms associated with allergies. This research report aims to explore the mechanism of action and the classes of antihistamines. The report also attempts to answer the hypothesis that increased antihistamine levels will affect the immune function and the allergic response. Antihistamines counteract the action of histamines by binding to HRs…

The immune system in the human body protects people from infections, diseases, and other foreign substances from causing harm to the body with our first line of defense being our skin. Unfortunately, there are people negatively affected by disorders of the immune system either by environmental factors or genetics. There are immunodeficiencies where the body has the inability to defend against attacks. There is also autoimmunity, which is an overreaction of the immune system. A variety of…

Wound healing is active and complicated process that includes well developed and very controlled phases including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, these phases can be compromised in some pathophysiological disorders. With healing process of the four phases and with proper care of the wound insures proper and rapid healing process. Some treatments can be as mild as ban-aid and others would have to use ointments, prescription medication, surgery depending on how…

Autoimmunity and the Endocrine System Chad Martin Nursing 631 Grand Canyon University December 12, 2015 Introduction The immune system in the human body is protection. Protection not only from infectious disease processes and foreign bodies but from ourselves. The immune system is great to have when working well, however, there can be unintended and serious consequences when the system fails and initiates inappropriate responses to our bodies own cells. Autoimmunity specifically is the…

5. How does Leishmania tropica evade the immune system? Leishmania tropica surface molecule glycoprotein 63 (gp36) is found throughout the parasite surface and has the potential to degrade immunoglobulins, complement factors, and lysosomal proteins (Olivier et al. 2005). Gp36 can cleave C3b into an inactivated form and C3bi will appear on the surface of the membrane and hinders the formation of C5 convertase (Gupta et al. 2013). It is also able to use C3bi to bind to complement receptor 3…

The main lesion in chronic schistosomiasis represents a complex delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sequestered living, dying or dead ova, that are trapped in tissues during the peri-intestinal migration or after embolization in the liver. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) and proteolytic enzymes released by ova provoke granulomatous cell-mediated immune response, with recruitment of eosinophils, granuloma formation and liver fibrosis (Cheever et al., 2000; Wynn et al., 2004). In schistosomiasis,…

Biological parameters were evaluated for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis . The most useful are enumeration of white blood cells (WBC ), total number of neutrophils (TN), the immature relative to the total neutrophils (I / T) and C-reactive protein (CRP) . [ 4-7] However, despite the number of available tests, none of them is absolutely reliable for early and accurate diagnosis . Several cytokines, such as IL -1B , IL-6 , IL- 8 and TNF -a are important mediators in the systemic host…

Rituximab is an antibody that is primarily found on the surface of B cells in the immune system. It destroys B cells and thus is used to treat diseases that are characterized by B cell disorders e.g. overactive B cells, excessive numbers of B cells, or dysfunctional B cells. Rituximab use has been associated with increased risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients who are negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive for anti-hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). The…

Psoriasis is a skin condition that involves the immune system, resulting in inflammation, and has the characteristic appearance of silver scales that arise from increased proliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermal layer [58, 59]. Psoriasis is typically treated with topical steroid medications or with vitamin D analogue medications such as calcipotriol as well as with moisturizing agents [58]. The treatment of psoriasis also includes systemic medications that suppress the immune system…

Church, Diana S., and Martin K. Church. "Pharmacology of Antihistamines." World Allergy Organization Journal. March 15, 2011. Accessed April 19, 2017. https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1939-4551-4-S3-S22. The main components of this article are the descriptions of first and second-generation antihistamines. This is fruitful information because my thesis needs further expansion on the statement about how antihistamines have specific targeted receptors throughout the body.…