Monoamine oxidase

through the inhibition of monoamine transporters, vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Although, MDMA also increases the amount of dopamine and noradrenaline, the excessive release of serotonin is the primary mechanism of action. It induces desirable effects that are physical or psychological. However, prolonged MDMA use can disrupt normal serotonergic pathways in the brain by provoking neurotoxicity. Though MDMA affects the action of monoamine transporters,…

Selegiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor typically used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) generally metabolizes tyramine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, whereas in comparison, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) metabolizes mostly dopamine (Youdim, Edmondson, & Tipton, 2006). Following conversion by MAO to its active form, selegiline inactivates MAO by irreversible binding to MAO-B. The differences between the selectivity of the two…

St John’s Wort is a herb and its flowers and leaves are used to make medicine. It is most commonly used to treat mild to moderate depression and other symptoms that can sometimes go along with it, such as anxiety, tiredness, loss of appetite and trouble sleeping. Other conditions that St. John’s Wort has been used for are heart palpitations, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menopause, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and seasonal affective…

Depression is a big worldwide problem, and in USA antidepressants are the third most common prescribed drug. It is a problem that appears to be on the rise. However, a lot about the function of antidepressants and why they seem to be working better in some individuals still remains unknown. Some data actually suggests that antidepressants works as good as taking a sugar pill. A meta-analysis (2010) were six separate studies were analysed to compare the effectiveness of antidepressants…

neurotransmitters. There are two main drugs classes—monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters and the inhibitors increase serotonin and norepinephrine. Tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine which allows the levels of these neurotransmitters to increase in the brain. Another treatment exists, known as selective monoamine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor…

postulates the involvement of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin based on discoveries that both tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors led to an increase in the monoamine neurotransmitters and specific sites in the brain (Pratt, 2011). Studies have also shown that reserpine which is utilized as an antihypertensive agent, was able to decrease the monoamine neurotransmitters as well as induce major depressive…

Parkinson’s is the second leading disorder affecting older adults; Alzheimer’s being the first. This disease is characterized by motor irregularities that include tremors, slowness, and rigidness. There are not only motor symptoms associated with the disease; there are also non-motor symptoms that include difficulties in the area of cognition, emotions, and sleeping (Eccles, Murray, and Simpson, 2011). Unfortunately, this disease is also a progressive disorder, meaning that as time goes on the…

time-kill studies have shown linezolid to be bacteriostatic against enterococci and staphylococci. For streptococci, linezolid was found to be bactericidal for the majority of strains. Linezolid is also a reversible, nonselective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase 1-2. Therefore, linezolid has the potential for interaction with adrenergic and serotonergic agents Fig1.…

Antiemetics Overview: Antiemetics are used for nausea and to prevent vomiting and also used for motion sickness. These drugs can be bought over the counter. (OTC) Action: Dimenhydrenate or Dramamine is an antihistamine. It should be taken one hour before travelling, and will prevent motion sickness. The antihistamine is available in children’s liquid formula and in a Less Drowsy Formula that may have fewer sedative side effects. Meclizine hydrochloride (Bonine) treats vomiting and dizziness…

A woman hates standing in line at the grocery store because she's scared people are watching her. Deep down she knows it’s not true, but she can't stop thinking about it. While shopping, she is conscious that everyone is starring at her from the big mirrors on the inside of the front ceiling. Now, she has to talk to the cashier. She tries her best to smile, but she sounds weak. She's positive she’s making a fool of herself. Her self-consciousness and anxiety are out of control. A student won't…