Molecule

The energy currency for almost all living organisms is a compound called ATP, or adenosine tri-phosphate. This compound is made of up one adenine and three phosphate molecules which link together to form a structure like this: Adenosine Notice that the three bonds within this molecule become increasingly longer the farther away the phosphate is from the adenosine. This is to represent the fact that the bonds weaken as the distance between the adenosine and phosphates increases. This is…

reactions require different inhibitors. The reaction energy path controls the speed of the reaction. The molecules follow the path of least resistance, but this path may still require a lot of energy. The activation energy for the path could be high, making the reaction proceed at a slow rate. A reaction pathway can be changed by adding nonreacting compounds to the reaction mixture. These molecules can sometimes alter the pathway so the energy needed for reaction is…

the structure of each DNA molecule, some interesting facts about DNA, and what a gene is will be addressed in this document. Many people wonder what make each person special. Well, that question is answered with the definition of a DNA molecule. In the nucleus of each cell are instructions that tell information essential to survival. These instructions are in the form of something important to every human: a DNA molecule. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. This molecule is present in almost all…

short supply, such as in aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle and energy which was stored in the glucose molecules and then to pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and then produces three molecules of CO2, 4 molecules NADH, and 4 H+, one molecule of FADH2 and one molecule of ATP. The Krebs cycle also involves decarboxylation, oxidation, and reduction of various organic acids. The electron transport chain will produce a number…

2.4. Sucrose crystal structure Crystal habit is the term used to describe the appearance and shape of a crystal (Morel du Boil 1985). The conditions during growth of the crystal influence the development and morphology of the crystal. The morphology of a crystal grown in the presence of impurities is influenced greatly at the faces of the crystal most affected by the adsorption of impurities (Morel du Boil 1985). Therefore, the presence of impurities was thought to possess the greatest…

1. (a) Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of those molecules. The factors that influence the rate of diffusion across a membrane are: ~ the extent of the concentration gradient – the greater the difference in concentration on either side of the membrane, the faster the rate of diffusion ~ the mass of molecules diffusing – the heavier they are, the slower they will diffuse across the membrane ~ the distance travelled –…

contains one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides bond together and form a double helix, which was discovered by scientists Francis Crick and James Watson in 1956. Sucrose molecules contain a number of polar oxygen-hydrogen bonds, each with an effective positive or negative charge. In a sugar crystal, a number of sucrose molecules are held together by attraction between these polar bonds, with negatively charged bonds attracting positively charged bonds and vice-versa. This attraction holds the…

this article, an analytical simulation based on a new model incorporating surface interaction was conducted to study the slip phenomenon in Couette flow at different scales. The velocity profile was calculated by taking account micro-force between molecules and macro-force from the viscous shearing effect, as they contribute to the achievement of slip length. The calculated results were compared with those obtained from the MD simulation, showing an excellent agreement. Further, the effect of…

Molecules are displaced from their resting position. Air pressure increases above its resting pressure because the molecules are being compressed. Because air is an elastic medium the particles displace in the opposite direction. The rebounding air molecules accelerate due to mass effects and the further the air molecules move outwards, air pressure is reduced below atmospheric pressure known as rarefaction. The air molecule will vibrate back and forth, thus…

1 The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is often referred to as “the molecule of life”. It encodes the instructions that are used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The molecule itself was first discovered in 1860 by Friedrich Miescher (reviewed in Dahm 2005). Further work was performed by other chemists, including Phoebus Levene who identified the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four…