Molecular dynamics

chromatography column and according to the results from Part III that appears to be the case. Glucose oxidase is made up of two subunits each having a molecular weight of about 80 kilo-Daltons. The third fraction, which contained the last elution material, had a band on the SDS-PAGE gel at around 72 kilo-Daltons. Although alkaline phosphatase has a similar molecular weight it also consists of two subunits making each subunit only 40 kilo-Daltons. Unfortunately the gel bands for wells 8 and 9…

PCR History The invaluable molecular technique known as PCR, or the polymerase chain reaction, was discovered by a biochemist named Kary Mullis. Mullis was doing research in the early 1980s at a biotechnology company in California when he initially thought of the idea regarding PCR. PCR was developed by a combination of several techniques already in existence; the synthesis of oligonucleotides and their utilization to synthesize new copies of DNA that were specific using DNA polymerases. Mullis…

E. coli Genomic DNA Isolation and Quantitation Introduction In this experiment, the genomic DNA of E. coli cells were isolated, purified, and quantified. To achieve this, E. coli cells were lysed, purified from impurities and Methods E. coli cells were first centrifuged in order to separate the cell pellet from the supernatant. Cell pellets were resuspended in saline-EDTA, which weakens bacterial membranes and chelates metal ions. Since E. coli has three layers (outer membrane,…

The intent of this experiment was to successfully transform synechocystis to a psbC lacking species through double homologous recombination. Subsequently we intended to retransform the mutated colonies back to the psbC carrying species after kanamycin selection. The initial knockout of the psbC gene ensured that photosystem II wouldn’t work and the colonies would rely on glucose as a source of sustainable nutrition. The sequential addition of kanamycin killed off the species that lacked the KanR…

There have been ongoing debates about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for quite a while now. And you might have noticed people walking the streets protesting against research and production of GMOs and wonder what exactly is a GMO. I believe mandatory GMO labeling actually hurt the economy and the market and limit consumers’ choices. First, I am going to explain it to you what a GMO is, how it works, and the pros and cons regarding the consumption of GM food. Then I will explain how the…

Results: Table 1: Raw data that shows how changing the mass(g) of soap in the extraction solution affects the mass of DNA extracted from the kiwi (g) Mass of DNA extracted from kiwi (g) Set Mass of Soap in extraction solution (g) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 1 0.5 1.25 0.74 0.24 2.04 0.30 2 1 1.41 1.38 1.26 1.52 1.36 3 1.5 1.91 1.48 2.39 2.63 2.00 4 2 2.43 3.34 3.26 3.01 3.62 5 2.5 2.65 4.00 5.32 3.52 3.95 All results are recorded with 2 decimal points for higher accuracy Numbers…

same biological effect. The demand for modified peptides with improved stability profiles and pharmacokinetic properties is driving extensive research effort in this field. Many structural modifications of peptides guided by rational design and molecular modeling have been established to develop novel synthetic approaches. A significant impact of structure-based drug design has emerged over recent years in the discovery of novel peptidomimetics and nonpeptides. Such reesearch has been catalyzed…

those that had a higher Tanimoto combo score. We also observed the 2D fingerprints of each of these ten compounds which provided information regarding the number of rotatable bonds, molecular weight, fragmental descriptors, physicochemical properties and topological indices such as branching index and the chi molecular connectivity indices. (Table 2 and…

Figure 22. Relative mRNA expression in INS-1E cells after different chemicals treatment. Cells were treated with DHT, TCS and TCC for 48 h before RNA extraction for activity determination. Expression levels of the AR, pdx1, GK and Ins2 were determined by RT-QPCR and mRNA expression levels were normalized with TFIIB (A-D). DMSO treated samples were considered as control. Control samples were set as one and results are shown as mean ± S.E.M of duplicate samples from three independent experiments.…

Abstract DNA recombination is basically generation of the new DNA sequence in genome by exchange of DNA strands. Recombination generally but not necessarily occurs between similar DNA sequences and provides genetic variation, genome integrity [1]. There are four main ways being identified to produce recombinant DNA; homologous recombination in which physical exchange of DNA sequences occur between the homologous chromosomes, illegitimate recombination occurs between DNA sequences sharing low…