Molecular diffusion

Preparation for Cell Lysis Obtain the mammalian expression vector for homo sapien ESR2 from Addgene. Assemble the vector to code for the proteins snail, slug and twist. Transfect HEK293 cells with the modified plasmids in petri dishes. Allow the cells to grow for 1-2 days so they will express the proteins. Transfer the culture medium to a centrifuge tube to separate it from the cells. Add 1mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to the cells and swirl to mix. Separate the PBS from the cells and…

Electrophoresis Kendra Gibson November 17, 2015 A scientist drops DNA samples in small indentations at the end of a Jell-O-like gel. He turns on an electrical current at the other side of the gel. His anticipation grows as he watches the samples slowly move from one side to the other. He pulls out a ruler and makes some measurements. He steps back in surprise, for he had just identified the most feared serial killer in the world! He did this by using Gel Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis (the…

Until recently I had accepted the definition of a species as being a class of individuals sharing common characteristics, with the ability to reproduce with another member of the same species to produce a fertile offspring. However after this essay was assigned, I began researching and found that there are areas where this definition can be difficult to apply. There are four major definitions and concepts that can be applied to a ‘species’. The biological species concept, the morphological…

It is very important for cells in the role to suppress cancer. P53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome", referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation (Strachan and Read, 1999). The name is due to its molecular mass: it is in the 53 kilodalton fraction of cell proteins. 2. GENE LOCATION The human p53 gene is located on the seventeenth chromosome (17p13.1). 3. STRUCTURE The p53 protein is a phosphoprotein…

Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human lactase phlorizin-hydrolase gene have been associated with the ability of certain individuals to constantly digest milk products. These mutations in the lactase gene lead to constitutive expression of lactase, which is then used to break disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose constantly throughout adulthood as lactase persistence. In particular, past research has shown that some individuals of the African and European descent have…

• Clinical Appearance This refers to any specific signs and symptoms that are related to the development of an infection or disease. The appropriate description of the clinical appearance often leads to a diagnosis of the illness. • Stained culture/histology examination False coloration of a substance to aid in the inspection of tissues, microorganisms, or other cells under a microscope. • Tests for antibodies to the microorganism Antibody tests rely on on the fact that there are specific…

The scientific community has come very far and reached a point in scientific breakthroughs that cloning and bioengineering can help with the advancement in the quality of human life. This process of cloning and bioengineering will help the human race as a whole through the benefits and advancements that follow due to the outcomes of this practice. Cloning and bioengineering should be used due to the benefits in the medical field, the advancements in crop and animal yield, and gives the…

Specific Aim 2: Characterize mucosal MmuPV1 infection and persistence in nude mice by RNA sequencing analysis. Rationale: Both outbred and inbred nude mice are susceptible to MmuPV1 infection at mucosal sites including tongue, vagina and anus (16-18). Although all three sites are susceptible to MmuPV1 infection, the disease outcome varies. Vaginal tract are the most susceptible sites among the three and the infection can be detected along the vaginal tract and up to the cervical region (16,…

Proposition: GMO products needs to be regulated, and product packaging needs to be labeled. Introduction: When we buy food we expect that what we buy is what it says it is. But now what if I tell you that the tomatoes or cabbage you buy also includes scorpion poison in it? Would you still eat it if it was properly labeled with what it contained? Now what if I tell you that this was common with all our food supplies. Scary isn’t it? What I’m talking about it GMO or genetically modified…

The mechanisms of evolution are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection. These mechanisms are based upon the changes that occur within an organism’s gene pool and how they affect those organisms and their survivability. Some of these mechanisms of evolution move quickly and affect large populations while others are slow moving and affect small populations. Not all of the evolutionary mechanisms are positive and benefit the population’s long term survival. Commonly these negative…