Mirror neuron

functioning normally Tau helps stabilize and support certain structures within the brain cell, but when the brain suffers a traumatic hit the proteins start to bend and clump furthermore, The build-up of these clumped proteins is what starts to kill the neurons and eventually the cell. The protein is then circulated throughout the brain, and this leads to the deaths of other cells. Currently, doctors can only diagnose CTE is after the player has died, that is because CTE needs to be diagnosed by…

When using music as a main means of communication and carrier of information it is important to understand how it affects the listeners. Exploring how the human brain processes that information gives interesting insights and valuable intelligence on how the listeners might be affected by the music they listen to. This type of research often gives information which even the listeners themselves might not be aware of. A researcher from the University of Montreal, Robert Sartori (2015), interviewed…

produced by earlier spikes. In depressing synapses, successive action potentials result in smaller and smaller postsynaptic responses. The reduction in postsynaptic responses could be due to smaller amount of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic neuron. Depressing synapses are characterized by high starting release probability. Thus, there are large amounts of neurotransmitter release at beginning of stimulus train. However, this large amount of release depletes the number of vesicles…

A lot of what makes us up as people consists of neurons. Neurons are responsible for our bodies “communication system.” So much happens within our bodies at such a minuscule amount of time, and learning about the process made me realize how much needs to happen for me to feel a certain way or perform a certain action. In a neuron, it first has to have a certain amount of depolarizing ions for there to be an action potential. When that action potential is reached, charge can be sent through the…

to Calbindin (CB) and labels GABAergic neurons In our immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiment, we used anti-Calbindin as our primary antibody, Goat anti-Rabbit 488 IgG as our secondary antibody (“488” meaning that the fluorescent dye is excited at a wavelength of 488nm, fluorescing green), and DAPI-mounting serum as a DNA (nucleus) marker with blue fluorescence for reference against anti-Calbindin-marked GABAergic neurons (Lammel, 2016). While GABAergic-neuron-expressing anti-Calbindin labeled…

Concussion Head injuries have become a big issue in contact sports today, with many of the injuries being concussions. Concussions are known for their short-term impact of giving the athlete dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness but the long term impact is highly overlooked. The fact that this is an internal injury and known as an invisible injury is what makes this injury so unique. Physiologically athletes who suffer from concussions with experience higher levels of stress, loss of confidence, and…

causes problems with judgement, memory and overall thinking. In the human brain, plaques are clusters of protein fragments called beta-amyloid peptides (Marsa, 2015, p. 7). They collect outside the nerve cells and disrupt the signaling system between neurons, blocking them from relaying messages. (Marsa, 2015, p. 7). This communication breakdown in the hippocampus explains why a patient with Alzheimer’s suffers progressive memory loss, confusion and increasing difficulty doing daily tasks…

accessibility, C. elegans, have become a staple organism in discovering the mechanisms in which the nervous system promotes survival (Allen et al. 2015). The C. elegans’ structural integral is very straightforward, consisting of 302 neurons, with 60 of them being sensory neurons (Pieczynski 2016). Thanks to this simplicity, we can easily observe C. elegans’ reaction to various reactions to stimuli in order to observe changes in behavior. Furthermore, because the worms have many genes in common…

I find it very funny that every age is mocking the elders and title them as being stereo type, I used to laugh -in my secret of course- when my mother put her thick glasses and try hardly to dive in her IPhone options, that she got recently, and after a while, she gets tired and shouts for someone of us to help her to access to her Facebook account, it seems to no matter how many times we try to teach her something, she forgets the other. Every are has its own trend or known for something, and…

Depending on the location of the neuron (i.e. the brain or the spinal cord), the length of the axon can be different. For example, the axons in the brain are shorter (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillio, 2015). The axon carries the neural impulse away from the cell body. Several structures to…