Mirror neuron

which results in disconnect throughout the body. MS is one condition that shows promise of the medical implication of cannabis to treat neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and overall protection of the central nervous system from demyelination of neurons (Baker, D., Jackson, S. J., & Pryce, G., 2007). As stated by Zajicek and Apostu, “Other prevalent symptoms include muscle stiffness and spasticity, poor mobility, pain, memory problems, tremor and balance trouble, urinary disturbance and…

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the most important cause of blindness in industrialized countries. The onset of macular neovascularization in AMD defines an advanced form of the disease characterized by exudative retinal changes due to an abnormal growth of newly formed vessels within the macula. This neovascularization has been divided into three types. Ref gass e ref freunf Type 1 and 2 neovascularization arise from the choroidal circulation and are refered to as choroidal…

Monosodium glutamate is a taste enhancing vegetable protein. At the time of discovery, MSG was thought to be safe since it was an amino acid, a natural substance. The amount of MSG added to foods has doubled in every decade since the 1940's and by 1972, 262,000 metric tons of MSG were produced. In 1957 two ophthalmologists, Lucas and Newhouse decided to test MSG on infant mice in an effort to study the effects of MSG and its correlation with an eye disease known as hereditary retinal dystrophy.…

In order to understand the hypothesis, first we must understand what is amyloid-beta, and how it is synthesized. Amyloid-beta is a peptide cleaved from the amyloid-beta precursor protein, which is a larger integral membrane protein found concentrated in neuronal synapsis (Masters et al., 1985;Glenner & Wong, 1984). An existing mutation in APP would lead to an increased cleavage and to a different availability of its sub products, hence increasing the amount of amyloid-beta being synthesized. A…

The Nervous System is divided into two major sections, the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral System (PNS). The CNS contains everybody's brain and spinal cord; this is where our body receives sensory information, generates thoughts and emotions, and stores our memories at. Our PNS contains our nerves and axons; this section is responsible to give and take information to and from the CNS. Our Peripheral System is then broken into two more sections called the Somatic Nervous System…

“Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement,” Mayo Clinic states. The most common or distinguished sign of the disorder is a tremor. The tremor usually begins in one of the limbs, most often the hand (Mayo Clinic). Another sign of Parkinson’s disease is a change in one’s speech. Someone with Parkinson’s might talk fast, quiet, with a slur, or there might be a slight delay before they begin to speak. Also, having stiff muscles is another sign of the…

Plasticity also known as Neuroplasticity, is the propensity of a material to undergo permanent deformation under load. Moderate levels of exercise may increase the brain’s flexibility and improve learning, a study suggests. The visual cortex, the part of the brain that processes visual information, loses the ability to “rewire” itself with age, making it more difficult for adults to recover from injuries and illness, said Claudia Lunghi, a neuroscientist at the University of Pisa and one of the…

Introduction Also known as the second cranial nerve, or CN II, the optic nerve is the second of twelve cranial nerves. Although located at the back of the eye, the optic nerve is considered a part of the central nervous system due to its role in visual integration and function. The optic nerve transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses. Made of about 1.7 million retinal ganglion cell axons, or nerve cells, the optic nerve encompasses…

One important role of the basal ganglia is in the service of voluntary, routine smooth motor control, and to inhibit unnecessary movements in the muscles. The basal ganglia is important for other things as well, but in diseases which cause the loss of muscle control as in the case of Parkinson's, it stands to reason that we look more closely at the basal ganglia in respects to its role in movement. The basal ganglia uses Glutamate, and Acetylcholine, both are excitatory neurotransmitters, and…

Sydney Holst When certain chemicals interact with a neuron, they alter the balance of ions inside and outside the cell. If this change reaches threshold, it sends a signal down the neuron’s membrane to the axon. At the axon, the neuron fires the signal to a neighboring neuron, and the process repeats. Once the electrical potential of Neuron A (presynaptic neuron) reaches -60mV the sodium and potassium channels in the neuron open at the beginning of the axon. The influx of positive sodium ions…