Miocene

active volcanism while ash was washed away from the basin and deposited at the bottom of the lake (Crossley, 1984). Maturation is important for hydrocarbon existence and is enhanced by heat which occurs during extrusion and intrusion processes. The heat mobilises and moves hydrocarbons making the igneous rocks present potential reservoirs or source rocks. Reservoirs and seals with hydrocarbon potential in most cases are found in the syn-rift successions, in Lake Malawi there are also in form of deltaic sandstones present in the margins of the lake(Scholz, 1995). Sequence of Karoo sediment has been determined in the lake with the possibility of being the source rock or reservoir, succeeded by post Karoo Mesozoic reservoir rock and capped by Miocene. The sediments thickness in the northern part is greater than 2 km with the bottom of the lake revealing organic sediments in highly anoxic conditions. Despite similarities in the overall stratigraphy in the half graben basins each is filled differently and source rock in each half graben is determined once its drilled (Crossley, 1984). 2.5. Previous Work 2.5.1. Structure and Stratigraphy Lake Malawi exhibits unique structural and architectural characteristics due to faulting process. Series of faults are present with major faults trending from northwest to Southeast for example Livingstone fault as shown in figure 2.2 and figure 2.5 while others trend west-east. Extensional faults dipping in eastward direction in the…

marvel of the western continental margin (Ward, 1994). In order to understand the importance that the discovery of oil has had in the Los Angeles Basin, we look to the events that have taken place in the basin itself that created the conditions necessary for the formation of oil. The intent of this paper will delve into the source rock, reservoir rocks, cap rocks, and traps that led to the formation of oil in the basin. The basin itself is constituted, as described by Biddle et al ( 1991), has a…

The earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis (late Eocene to early middle Miocene, 38–18 Mya) and the slightly younger Allocyon (early Oligocene, 34–30 Mya), both from North America. These animals looked very different from today's bears, being small and raccoon-like in overall appearance, and diets perhaps more similar to that of a badger. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene.[8] It is unclear whether…

Toward north is a reverse type fault bearing Pleistocene gravel across folded Proterozoic deposit is revealed near Terowie (Love et al., 1995, p. 270). Also confirmed on the north-eastern piedmont of the Flinders Ranges is severe folding of Miocene silcrete and related faulting, furthermore, and in slight magnitude, within the highland (Coats et al, 1969). On the northern Flinders ranges the east-plunging Mt Babbage thrust has conveyed Mesoproterozoic rock across Late Pleistocene and Holocene…

pups that survive the first year only last on an average of 3 to 5 years some wolves live up to 10 years. Social structure: They have a very strict level hierarchy that has to be adhered by each member of the pack. The leader of a pack is called the alpha his mate is called a beta female. They choose the alpha by the wolf that is most feared and shows dominance, the lowest ranking wolf is the omega. Success in their ecosystem: Wolves have adapted to many places they have moved all across north…

of the gray wolf had similar features to the Miacidae it lived from the Ypresian to the “Bartonian of the Eocene.” The were around 20 to 30 centimetres long and had five claws. The Miacis had forty four teeth unlike modern day adaptations that have around 30 teeth but the Miacis were smaller in size. The Miacis had “low skulls, long slender bodies, long tails, and short legs” as well as “retractable claws, agile joints for climbing, and binocular vision.” The Earliest forms of a wolf were much…

million years ago, the dietetic capabilities of the most primitive beings shifted intensely. This left Ardipithecus in a better condition for life in for all kinds’ habitats and with the ability able to survive with major changes in resource obtainability linked with climatic fluctuations (Teaford 2000). The tooth shapes, particularly are ways to observe alterations in the internal properties of foods, for example their durability and deformability. However the cranial fragments of the…

My extinct animal is the megalodon. Not only was the megalodon the biggest prehistoric shark that ever lived,it was the largest marine predator in the history of the planet, vastly outweighing both the modern Great White Shark and ancient reptiles like Liopleurodon and Kronosaurus. Megalodon had a diet befitting an apex predator, feasting on the prehistoric whales that swam the earth's oceans during the Pliocene and Miocene epochs, but also chowing down on dolphins, squids, fish, and even giant…

Reading Response to White et al.: Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids. In the article, Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids, by Tim D. White et al. , the Ardipithecus ramidus specimen ARA-VP-6/500 from the Aramis vertebrate paleontology locality 1 (ARA-VP-1) expedition is examined in depth. The ARA-VP-1 is located in the Middle Awash and expands into the Central Awash Complex (CAC) with different localities, numbered from 1 up. The Middle Awash…

Neotectonics in Australia. Abstract The cratons of the world that are located at a distance from plate boundaries are considered to be stable tectonically, but in real sense, they are subjected to regular disturbance that are less persistence and also of lesser magnitude than those that lies near plate boundaries, Nonetheless their manifestation can be seen in landscape. Neotectonics are post Miocene tectonic deformation on the earth surface. Its evidence takes expression in form of recent…