Microtubule

Each doublet contains two rows of dynein (outer and inner) radical spokes which link inner microtubules with the outer ones and nexin links linking outer microtubules to one another (refer to figure 2) (6,7). The outer dynein arms and nexin have an important role in cilia motility. Cilia Motility The function of cilia is relied on its motility consisting of sliding microtubules causing bending movement, resulting in mucus propulsion and aiding mucociliary clearance. Bitter receptors…

They are targets for chemotherapeutics involved with cancer which suppress the mitotic spindles causing mitotic arrest and eventually cell death. In multiple cancers, changes in microtubule stability, isotype expression, and post-translational modifications have been reported. These changes are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis in solid and hematological cancers. Recent research shows that tubulin proteins…

proteasome inhibitors (MG132) and visualizing the chromatids separation through video microscopy. 3. SKA3 (previously named C13orf3) is a protein which plays a large role in the attachment of kinetochore-microtubules and movement of chromosomes2. SKA3 localizes to the spindle and kinetochore–microtubule interface throughout mitosis,…

Cancerous cells take advantage of existing cell structures such as microtubules, to divide and multiply. Microtubules aid the cells in dividing and creating a similar cell. Potent anti-microtubule agents work by blocking the microtubules from performing their usual functions. When this happens, the cells are incapable of dividing and creating similar cells, and ultimately die. These anti-microtubule agents can’t differentiate between normal cells and the cancerous cells, and act on normal cells…

Centriole (E) Their structure is a small network of protein fibers which are not surrounded by a membrane but are located in an area of the cell called the centrosome. The centriole has its appearance and structure the way it is because its arrangements must be a circular and the triplet fibers that it’s made out of will eventually create a shape that is similar to a barrel when it it is arranged. One of their main function is to contribute/help with processes that involve cellular activities.…

1) Centrioles are a paired feature of animal mitotic spindles that protrude away from the centrisome of cells and are primarily tasked with the creation of microtubules. The microtubules give way to mitotic spindles, which play a vital role in both mitosis and cytokinesis as they give cilia and flagellum the ability to generate motion and they ensure both newly formed cells contain paired centrioles during the later stages of cell division. Kinetochores are protein structures that produce…

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain. Each phase of the disease presents distinct characteristics, and it is these characteristics that are used to determine how far the disease has progressed. Although there is, as of yet, no cure, various advances in medicine are geared at easing the ravages of the diseases, with the hope of a definitive cure on the minds of many. A form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease presents in two main forms: early onset…

Vinorelbine also known as Navelbine® is an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug. It belongs to a class of chemotherapy drugs called vinca-alkaloids; which can be categorised as spindle poisons1. Vinorelbine and Vindesine are semi-synthetic derivatives from the first generation of vinca-alkaloids; Vinblastine and Vincristine2. These original vinca-alkaloids were derived from dried leaves of the Madagascan periwinkle (vinca rosea) plant1. Madagascar periwinkle is also used in the treatment for diabetes,…

In cell theory, it is known that all cells arise from pre-existing living cells, through cell division. In cell division, this involves the supplying of identical genetic material from the parent cell, DNA and protein, to two daughter cells. It results in the daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. We need cell division as it is used in reproduction of new species, growth and repair of damaged cells and tissues, and to reduce the cell size. Larger cells are…

division known as meiosis and mitosis. There are 2 types of eukaryotic cell: plant and animal cells. They contain organelles such ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleolus, centrioles, cell membrane, flagella, cilia, microtubules, chloroplast and lysosomes. Animal Cell: Plant Cell: The nucleus controls and stores genetic material. It manages…