Microbial toxins

essential role in maintaining the integrity of GIT and also contributes with adaptive immune system for neutralizing the potential microbial pathogens. One of the important components of the local immune system is IECs. These cells generate a variety of antimicrobial peptides and digestive enzymes and also use various mechanisms to reduce the risk of infection by microbial agents and poisoning by toxic compounds. Many mycotoxins such as aflatoxin can change the proliferation and differentiation…

Wastewater is also generated from agricultural facilities. Water used for cleaning in animal farms, washing harvested produce and cleaning farm equipment. Pollutants In wastewater pollutants like physical, chemical and biological pollutants, hazardous toxins which are dissolved, other particles, suspended matters and sediments of varying size at different concentration levels and composition are present. Chemical or physical pollutants • Heavy metals, including mercury, lead, and chromium •…

Schechter, T. V. Inglesby, D. A. Henderson, J. G. Bartlett, M. S. Ascher, E. Eit-zen, A. D. Fine, J. Hauer, M. Layton, S. Lillibridge, M. T. Osterholm, T. O. Toole, G. Parker, T. M. Perl, P. K. Russell, D. L. Swerdlow and K. Tonat (2001). Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. The Journal of the American Medical Association285: 1059-1070. Bhambhani, A. and C. V. Kumar (2006). Protein/DNA/inorganic materials: DNA binding to layered α-Zirconium phosphate…

resources. (McCully, 2001) However, by interfering with a flowing body of water, the water collects and becomes stagnant, altering physical, chemical and biological properties of the area surround the dam. This in turn changes the population dynamics of microbial communities resulting in a rise of harmful bacteria in the area. (S. Gorbtkin, 2008) By studying the vast range of organisms present in dam water, we will be able to understand how they are able to thrive in such conditions as well as…

Eutrophication is a natural occurrence over the past centuries as bodies of water age and contains sediment (Carpenter 1981). However, due to human activities, the rate of eutrophication has increased and now plays a big role in fish kills. This happens when inordinate amount of fertilizers flow down the rivers and streams and into the sea, which in turn encourages algae and most, if not all, aquatic plants to overgrow. Fishes will then suffocate due to lack of oxygen and sunlight excessively…

Viruses are particles that depend on a host cell they infect to reproduce and carry out metabolic functions. They are considered both living and nonliving. Viruses reproduce and mutate, therefore they can be considered living. However, they also lack organelles and cytoplasm, which is characteristic of a nonliving particle. Most viruses contain either DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid, and upon infecting a host it induces the host cell’s replication machinery to reproduce. A…

GOSHENLAND: SPICE CENTER FOR FOODIES’S Welcome to Goshenland Gourmet. Goshenland, a connoisseur of spice world prepares different spicy dishes for everyone to enjoy. Goshenland Gourmet provides our customers with varied choices of delicacies to relish. An overview of the spices catalogs used to prepare and serve is given below: All Spices: These spice trees are of medium size. The spices are used priority wise for domestic use, berry oils, extraction oleoresin and find wide use in…

a) Causes Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner eyelid (Stevens, 2008). Conjunctivitis can be caused from many sources. These include bacteria, viruses and irritations. Irritations can be caused from allergic reactions to various things such as pollen and grass, irritation can also be caused from foreign objects in your eye such as chemicals (Durning, 2013). Unlike irritation, bacterial and viral…

This approach could be reversible and it acts to decrease the toxin effect on pathogenic EHEC. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Good hygiene is the best preventive method for EHEC O157 H7. Prevention is very vital as public health science is going into an era of preventive measures. Prevention is always better than cure. Below…

insecticide, as it contains genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. This gene enables the corn to express Cry proteins that kill lepidoptera larvae(invasive insects that eat crops). The Cry proteins are ingested and converted to toxins inside the insect. The toxins bind to receptors present in the gut of susceptible insects, this leads to gut-membrane pore formation, and subsequent death (Baktavachalam, 2015). Bt is a ubiquitous soil bacterium that has proven to be a rich source of…