Metastasis

and differentiation pathway9,10. CSCs have been found to reside in specific niches within the tumor, particularly near vasculature and in central, necrotic regions (hypoxic niche). They seem to have vital roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis. CSCs in GBM have also been shown to be resistant to the standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indicating their role in disease progression11. **It is important to note here that the CSC hypothesis does not claim that a stem cell is the…

strategies with the 5-year survival is currently increased to 80%5. Therefore, the clinical situation of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC) patients is complicated. These patients always have local or regional failure with or without distant metastasis. Recurrent tumors usually extensively damage surrounding tissue. In rNPC patients, physical status and immune system are generally poor because of prior treatment. A study of Lee from Hong Kong reported that 52% of patients developed rNPC…

reproductive system. The human body is made up of many cells that divide and grow. When cancer cells develop they grow out of control and crowd out normal cells, and changes the ability for the body to work the way it should, this process is called metastasis. One of the cancerous diseases that affect the reproductive system is cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor of the cervix that starts in the lining in the lowermost part of the uterus, also called uterine cervix. Cervical…

Bone cancer is a tumor of the bone that demolishes normal bone tissue in which some cases, may spread to other areas of the body. This disease, generally, is life threatening, it causes tissues such as blood vessels, nerves, and bones to be destroyed by the cancer. Those with bone cancer have abnormal cells and when these cells get in the bloodstream, they can move to different parts of the body and spread the cancer. (Bone Cancer, 2016). Benign (noncancerous) bone tumors are more common than…

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease. The cancer I will be researching is brain cancer. The reason why I chose to research this is because I have always been interested in working in the medical field, but I didn’t know what particular area. I started to do research on different types of doctors. The one that interested me the most was Neurosurgeons. Neurosurgeons are doctors who specialize in surgery on the brain and spinal column. The brain is…

79-110 million people are currently infected and the worldwide risk of HPV infection at least once in their lifetime in both men and women is 50% (Handler et al., 2015). The risk of being infected with HPV is 24% after someone becomes sexually active if they are also under 25 years old (Foreman et al., 2012). Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women with a higher mortality rate in developing nations (Handler…

Analysis of the Cancer Experience in 50/50 The film 50/50 (2011), directed by Jonathan Levine and produced by Evan Goldberg, Seth Rogen, and Ben Karlin, presents an accurate depiction of cancer through the diagnosis and treatment of a cancer patient named Adam. However, the diagnosis of a disease is not enough to view an individual’s experience as a cohesive whole, as personal and environmental factors play vital roles in an individual’s quality of life with an illness (World Health Organization…

Pre-operative CT scan is as an important imaging tool to prognosticate the disease and assess the operability. Along with an oesophagoduodenoendoscopy, majority of these tumors were detected pre-operatively. The aim of this study is to see the association of pre-operative CT scan features and its malignant potential in our local setting and this study has shown that there is association of tumor morphology of extramural to the malignant potential of Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Most GIST…

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is one of the dreaded complications of chronic liver disease. Recent experimental and clinical studies have revealed the pivotal role played by the alteration of gut-liver axis in the onset of chronic liver diseases, including HCC. Altered gut microbiota and endotoxemia are increasingly recognized as critical components in promoting the procession of chronic liver diseases and the development of HCC. Probiotics have…

Limitations of FDG PET and PET/CT and the role of MRI One drawback of PET based imaging is that some tumor types do not demonstrate significant FDG avidity. Schwab JH et al. reported a case of myxoid liposarcoma metastasis to the lumbar spine and paraspinal soft tissues, which was not detected by FDG PET, but easily seen on MRI [19]. In these cases, where FDG PET offers limited sensitivity, other target specific radiotracers or other imaging modalities, such as MRI should be considered. The…