Metastasis

Cancer, Lysosomes, and Treatment Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death across the world. Several therapies exist to fight cancer. They include surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. One common therapy many chose is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is cancer treatment using one or more anti-cancer medications that are given as a standardized regimen. There are several types of chemotherapy medications. Alkylating agents attack…

aggressive than the usual invasive ductal carcinoma subtype (IDC) (1) (13), and others concluded that invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast has a poorer prognosis (14) than IDC. High nuclear grade, large tumor size, and regional lymph node metastasis were significant negative prognostic factors for distant recurrence-free survival (14). Others reported that NEBC has the same prognosis as other invasive breast cancers and is dependent on the staging, grading, mucin production and…

As you age, the size of the prostate changes; during puberty the prostate grows rapidly due to the rise in male hormones, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone. (“American Cancer Society”, 2015) With it the average size of a walnut, the prostate gland is located between the bladder and the penis, and is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate secretes fluids that nourishes and protects the sperm. Additionally, there are three main diseases associated with the prostate,…

As part of Breast Cancer Awareness month, October 13th is National Metastatic Breast Cancer Awareness Day. Metastasis occurs when the cancerous cells have traveled from the breasts to a vital organ, and is now threatening that patient’s life. Finding out the cancer has spread to other parts of the body can be devastating, but Dr. Everardo Cobos with the Grace Health System Blood Disorders & Cancer Therapeutics Center said patients are now living full lives while dealing with advanced-stage…

by a fibrous sheath of connective tissue. Therefore, they remain at their original sites. In contrast, malignant tumors (cancers) are not capsulated, so they have the ability to metastasize through blood and lymphatic vessels in a process called metastasis (1). The result of this process is new masses of the tumor will be created known as metastatic tumors. Another different characteristic is in their size and shape. Benign tumors are typically small and have smooth regular margins almost like…

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.01 Background, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathology Background: Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the world. It ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence and it is the seventh common malignancy in male. It is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract worldwide in male after prostate cancer. It affects men more than women in a ratio of 3 - 4:1 (1, 2). In Africa bladder cancer is ranked as eighth common malignancy in male (3) while…

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors arising exclusively from the chromaffin tissue of the sympathetic nervous system in adrenal medulla, However, the similar tumors that arise from same tissue in other locations are referred to as paragangliomas according to the most recent classification done by World Health Organization classification of tumours.1,2 Only 1% of paragangliomas are found in the urinary bladder which account for less than 0.06% of all bladder malignancies.3,4 Paraganglioma of the…

develops inside stages. Big t, In, Mirielle along with 0-IV are typical strategies to categorize the different stages. Big t represents tumor measurement, In denotes a new multiply for you to lymph nodes along with Mirielle talks about far away metastasis. Need to a main tumor influence the rest along with brings about this sourcing involving different growths, that might get metastasized.…

likely infiltrates adjacent bone and soft tissue and tends to spread to regional lymph nodes in the head and neck region. It is essential to carry out a thorough examination which includes, inspection, palpation of oral cavity and neck; distant metastasis is quite unlikely. Imaging modalities such as CT and MRI are commonly used to investigate the extent of spread of oral cancer to adjacent tissues including bone and soft tissue. The treatment should be carried out in hospitals which are…

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Canadian women, with the majority of these deaths resulting from metastasis of cancer to other tissues. In 2015, an estimated 25,000 Canadian women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and 5,000 will suffer from cancer-related deaths. When breast cancer is isolated to the breast tissue, cure rates surpass 90%; nonetheless, as cancer cells settle into the adjacent or distant tissues, long-term survival is markedly declined. The…