Metastasis

problem for years and even with advancements in medicines advancement, it’s still a leading cause for death in the US. Due to this doctors are have been researching about cancer. In the article “Metastasis as an evolutionary process” by Samura Turajilie and Charles Swanton, is a research on how metastasis has evolved over the years. They see how random cancer can spread through multiple routes in different and how that makes it hard to cure it. The article goes over how hard cancer is to stop…

neck dissections, cervical metastasis was present in 55 (72.3%). And out of 51 lateral dissections, multilevel involvement (>1 lateral level involved) was seen in 40 (78.5%). Following table shows the frequency of LNM at various lymph node levels. Levels IIa IIb III IV V VI LNM+ve (%) 25 3.9 38.2 39.5 3.9 52.6 Level VI was observed to be the most commonly involved, followed by level IV, level III and level IIa. Involvement of level IIb and V was uncommon. Skip Metastasis Out of the 76 Neck…

Discussion: As in any malignancy, pre-operative staging of cancer stomach is a crucial step in assessing the prognosis and planning the treatment strategy. Recent diagnostic modalities e.g. CT scan and MRI do not have the sufficient accuracy. Depending on their results alone may expose the patient to unnecessary laparotomy (9). Assessment of tumor resectability by laparotomy was reported to have morbidity rate of 13- 23% and mortality rate of 10-21% in unresectable patients (10). Limitations of…

cancerous phenotype, estimate that it takes an average of 11.7 years for initiating events that begin pancreatic carcinogenesis to develop into in situ cancer and a further 6.8 years for primary tumor to develop metastatic clones (19)(20). Once metastasis occurs patients succumb to the disease an average of 2.7 years later (21), and unfortunately the majority of pancreatic cancer patients are diagnosed during the late-stage of disease making it difficult to provide therapeutic intervention.…

Case: 60 years old male with no previous significant past medical history, he presented with epigastric pain, weight loss and lethargy. After multiple investigations including CT chest abdomen pelvis, MRCP, ERCP, he was diagnosed with locally advanced pancreatic cancer T4N1M0, the pancreatic mass was encasing the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), his case was discussed at the gastroenterology MDT. In view of the patient’s good performance status(PS), the initial management was for induction…

under the category of carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma or leukemia based on the type of tissue origin. common striking features of all types of cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, antiapoptosis, enhanced angiogenesis, genomic instability and metastasis. 4 The broad range of devastating characteristics of the cancer makes it a very good therapeutic target for designing the small molecules. In cancer drug discovery programme, researchers have contributed many novel synthetic compounds as…

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a challenging oncology problem. A reliable biomarker for invasion and metastasis in oral cancer patients remains to be more clarified. β-catenin acts as a structural protein at cell-cell adherence junctions and as a transcription activator mediating Wnt signal transduction. Altered β-catenin expression has been associated with loss of cell differentiation and acquisition of an invasive phenotype. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is an…

It was a day like any other. I was finishing up some paperwork on my most recent skin graph when a call came in from the front desk, my next patient was here. I had yet to physically see the patient myself, but I had already made a prediction based on what was already known: Melanoma. The most dangerous form of skin cancer. Over 200,000 documented cases around the world each year, killing roughly 2% of those effected. [1] Despite the seemingly high survival rate, Melanoma is very deadly when not…

The term neoplasm refers to tumors that are masses or growths that arise from normal tissue. Can a growth occur at any time in life? Are all neoplasms life-threatening? Explain in your own words why or why not. The term neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of tissue caused by the quick division of cells that have undergone some form of change. The body is made up of trillions of cells that grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. This process is a strongly controlled one that is controlled…

Abstract In the world that people live in today contains many causes to death. One of the main causes to death in our world today is cancer. Cancer is one of the top leading causes of death in the United States. But have you ever asked yourself what exactly is cancer. Cancer is a disease when cells begin to grow out of control and begin to spread abnormally throughout the body. Due to the growing of these abnormal cells it can result to changing how your body should work. There are many types…