Metabolic pathway

Mixed contamination of PAHs and metals occur ubiquitously in the environment, but their combined toxicity to humans and other organisms are not fully addressed. The data from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies indicated the nature of interaction between PAHs and metals varies from synergism to additivity or antagonism. In this chapter, the combined toxicity of PAHs and metals on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic endpoints, and possible mechanism of actions were discussed. In addition,…

metabolism/activity. Vitamin B12 and folic acid reduce homocysteine to methionine, which is then converted into S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a crucial co-factor for 150+ methyltransferases including glycine n-methyltransferase (GNMT) in the one carbon pathway.(Mitchell, Conus, and Kaput, 2014). Therefore, High levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with low levels of B vitamins. (Quality, 2014). Hcy could cause cognitive impairment via direct neurotoxicity.(Morris, 2012; Bednarska-Makaruk…

Many attachment behaviors in nonhuman animals include physical touch and maintaining proximity through close body contact; in humans, behavior patterns associated with attachment are accompanied by feelings of security, peace, comfort, and reduced anxiety when in physical contact with a partner (Fisher, 1998). According to Harlow’s (Harlow & Harlow, 1966) age-mate affectional system, during the period of motor incoordination, infants that physically contact each other reflexively cling and clasp…

Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex, irreversible brain disorder that causes nerve cells to die within the brain, progressively affecting dysfunction in memory and cognitive ability, behaviour and language problems (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Primarily this disease affects older adults over the age of sixty, although it is not considered a normal part of the aging process (Dementia Alliance International, n.d.). AD is considered the most common of the dementia diseases, a…

Glycolysis is found within the preparatory catabolic pathway. It begins the breaking down and oxidation of glucose. “The glycolytic digestive enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycogen and starch, liberating dextrin, glucose, maltose and maltotriose in the digestive system”. Glycolytic breaks glucose down…

The research work regarding the chemical processes within/relating to living organisms is said to be biochemistry, also known as biological chemistry. The complication of life can occur during biochemical process, if we control the information flow through biochemical signaling and through metabolism chemical energy flow. Various study fields like botany, medicines, genetics, Etc.which are areas of life science, are engrossed in research related to biochemical because biochemistry has made it…

As many of us already have studied in the past, the human genome can subdivide itself into two parts. The nuclear genome, which consists of over 26,000 genes and the circular mitochondrial genome, which consist of the only consist of 37 genes (“Organization of the human genome” 257). The human genome is vastly large compared to the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial has played a significant role in genetics throughout time. For example, mtDNA helped geneticists understand the past and our…

I. Definition of the Situation/Problem and the Potential Benefits Childhood obesity is a serious medical circumstance that affects children from birth to adolescent . Obesity occurs when a children is considered well above the standard weight for his or her age and stature. Childhood obesity is particularly disturbing because the additional pounds often start children on the path to health troubles that were once confined to adults, such as high cholesterol, back pain, skin infection, stomach…

questions to help figure out the right diagnostic test to be performed and figure out what the pet has. There are many different kinds of diseases affecting many species for example: infectious, immune mediated, parasitic, congenital, neoplastic, metabolic, toxic and degenerative. Congenital or genetic diseases are diseases from birth. An example of this disease is hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip joint seen in mammals but commonly in dogs. The ball of the femur cannot fit…

Why are respiration and photosynthesis cycle important. Photosynthesis and respiration cellular are the two main processes perform by most living organisms obtain energy from nature. They have an very important relationship went it comes to life survive. Photosynthesis help process plant cells to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy while creating energy-rich carbohydrate molecules into glucose, while respiration cellular break down food molecules to obtain energy and store it…