Metabolic pathway

A single cell cannot grow larger and larger indefinitely because on a cellular level and metabolic level, a cell requires essential provisions, cell-to-cell communication, and transport of molecules/nutrients. The outside of a cell grows slower than the inside of a cell. If a single cell were to continuously grow the outside layer of the cell would not be able to keep up. The larger a cell is, the more difficult it is to transport nutrients and oxygen from outside of the cell into the inside of…

The prolonged use of therapeutic glucocorticoids is associated with a range of adverse effects (figure 1). The detrimental effects on bone have received the greatest focus and there are now a range of therapeutic strategies available to reduce the negative effects of glucocorticoids on bone [1]. Endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid excess is also associated with other serious clinical features such as the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and frank diabetes [2].…

Background and Education Plans The end, or reason, for my life is something that had intrigued me early in life. As a child, I began to consider the origins of my name and learned that “Alexis” was derived from the ancient Greek word Alexos – which means, “to defend.” Through personal experiences and contemplation, I have made it my firm conviction that the end, or purpose, of my life is to defend and be of service to the people. My career objectives include completing my Bachelor’s degree…

The emergence of cytochrome oxidase is considered to be a very important event in evolutionary history. However, not much is known on the development and emergence of this enzyme. Molecular data demonstrates how cytochrome oxidase emerged before the divergence of archaea and bacteria, and well before the great oxidation event. This paper proposes a research plan to investigate the origins of cytochrome oxidase. Background Throughout the three domains of life, a variety of metabolisms are present…

of mitophagy in the developmental and metabolic process of cancer is still not clear. In this experiment, we used C. elegans as a model for mitochondria dysfunction drug treatment to test whether drugs have different effects on wild type and cancerous C.elegans. Introduction Mitochondria dysfunction and mitophagy In yeast and mammalian cell, mitochondria serve as a dynamic machine to provide ATP for cell metabolism through oxidative phosphorylation pathway. When cells under adverse…

reticulum via a cascade of reactions. The fact that epinephrine had a positive impact on the heart indicates that the heart was healthy and responsive to normal physiological chemicals and pathways. Addition of acetylcholine predictably lowered the heart rate of the frog. Acetylcholine blocks the cAMP cascade pathway that ultimately leads to calcium release, thus the frequency at which calcium is released is lowered and as a result, the contraction rate follows suit and lowers as well which…

“As the raw fuel for glycolysis, the universal energy-producing pathway, glucose is phosphorylated by the rate-limiting enzyme glucokinase” (Cartailler, 1). The now modified glucose is further metabolized in the beta cells to create ATP, increasing the ATP:ADP ratio. This increased ratio causes the ATP-gated potassium…

polarity (Chiang, et al., 2001). Shh is expressed in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) when limbs are being developed. It is needed for growth and anterior-posterior patterning of the limb. “Changes in the spatial and temporal regulation of the Shh pathway may be responsible for the unique skeletal structure of the bat limb, because the processes of A-P patterning and limb bud growth are dramatically altered during bat limb development”. (Shh) helps pattern the anterior-posterior limbs of…

Title: The Effects of Exercise and Diet on Cognitive Function Abstract: The overall objective of the experiment was to observe the overall effect exercise and a healthy balanced diet on cognitive function after a period of two months and compare the results obtained for a person who did not regularly exercise and eat healthy meals. Physical activity commenced for 45 minutes, four days a week over a period of two months. Pulse rate and glucose levels were taken to record blood sugar levels…

and cell death (Louis, Hold, & Flint, 2014). While some forms of colorectal cancer are inherited, most cases of colorectal cancer have shown a strong correlation with diet and lifestyle. Indeed the collective influences of gut microbiota and their metabolic products can influence protection against and predisposition to the development of colorectal…