Metabolic pathway

Beta blockers are the first line drug choice when treating angina related to CAD. Beta blockers decrease cardiac oxygen demand, by blocking beta receptors in the heart, decreasing heart rate and contractibility, reducing peripheral resistance and after load. Slowing heart rate increases diastolic fill time, increasing the amount of time blood flows throughout myocardial vessels. When taken with nitroglycerin, extra benefits include blunting reflex tachycardia. Dosage starts out low and slowly…

There are many types of artificial sweeteners on the market found in numerous low calorie foods or diet drinks. Unlike sugar, these artificial sweeteners have no actual caloric value, and don't affect blood glucose levels as much for diabetics as regular sugar would. Artificial sweeteners are man-made, sometimes derived from sugars occurring naturally in nature. Splenda, a commonly used brand, is made of the artificial sugar sucralose while equal is made of the artificial sugar aspartame. These…

Livestock Production and Global Warming Global Warming is the rising issue for all the creatures on the Earth, and Scientists have been discovering the reasons and solution for the global environmental issue for decades. The common reasons people know about global warming are the industries and transportations or even the earth’s natural processes. However, there is another main source of global warming, which is livestock production. In this synthesis paper, the environmental impact of…

Did you know that animals such as mice, rabbits, horses and other innocent animals are widely being used as animal testing all over the world? According to an analysis reported from EU countries published in alternatives journal, Altex, the number of experiments on animal has risen to 13.1 million per year across the 28 member states of the European Union, an increase of 14% in 2014. Although there are some people believe that the animal testing and experiments are necessary for medical and…

The ΔglgC cyanobacteria will be transformed yet again to express an engineered new, small PSII antenna. In order to do this, plasmids pGDNG3/Cys(181/226)Ser and p613 will be co-transformed using the method described in the paper by Beckman et al. The method of using a vector containing an antibiotic (ampicillin) resistance gene will also be employed in this experiment. Ampicillin will then be added to the transformed bacteria in order to obtain the successfully transformed bacteria. By adding…

table below serves as a quick guide to permissible noise exposure levels. This helpful chart shows exposure levels of common equipment and activities (The University of Vermont 2015). See Figure 1. Typically, sounds in the range of 85-105 dB cause metabolic and chemical disturbances in the inner ear that might lead to…

The earth tilts possibly due to being hit by an asteroid billions of years ago causing it to tilt in the sun 's orbit. Therefore its axis that should be completely vertical top to bottom) tilts. The earth completes one turn daily therefore all the world will receive sunlight and will enjoy the changes of season because of this tilt. It has nothing to do with how close it is to the sun but because the axis is not straight. The axis stays tilted in the same direction as it orbits around the sun…

Nano-dots in Mammalian Gametes Imagining1 The Nano-dots, or Quantum Dots (QD), are nano-scale semiconductor devices with diameter up to 10nm, which were first discovered in 1980s2. Once stimulated, they give emission of light with specific colours, which is then visualised1-3. These nano particles have high size-tunability, once illuminated, different emission wavelength can be obtained by manipulating the size of dots3. Inorganic QDs are made up of two components, an atom-cluster core with…

If a bee is going to become a worker than it will upregulate developmental genes. If it’s going to become a queen then it will up regulate physio- metabolic genes (Foret et.al 2012). Methylation is also able to regulate gene expression by interfering with transcription of genes. For example, it was found that the combination of DNA methylation and histone modifications determine the phenotype of a bee…

The aquatic animal known as the crawfish has become well-known in the scientific community due to its common use in a lab or the natural field. While some of its species are known for their invasiveness and “affect [on the] fundamental aspects of aquatic systems like water quality” (Pearl), the crawfish has provided insight into various fields of science because of its ability to be easily manipulated. This small animal has been utilized by many researchers studying the origins of the animal’s…