Metabolic pathway

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleic acid present in organisms with the primary function of providing energy. It is comprised of three phosphate groups with one adenosine attached and releases energy by being hydrolysed into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), therefore one bond is broken and a phosphate molecule is lost. ATP can only be reproduced through phosphorylation which results in the addition of one phosphate to Adenosine Diphosphate. ATP must be regenerated in order to allow an organism…

high quantities of salt by using salt substitutes. On the other hand, the physical and occupational therapist provides different workouts that should be done at home. It is important for each exercise to not lead to exhaustion, but still, offer a pathway leading to proper fitness (Gillespie,…

cellular respiration broken down into three stages known as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. In fact, more than two dozen reactions are involved in this metabolic process. Glycolysis and citric acid cycle are involved in the splitting and breaking down of glucose, whereas electron transport is the pathway releasing energy to our…

This is a network of nerve pathways which run from lower parts of the brain to other organs. The ANS is predominantly controlled by the hypothalamus and is supposed to help regulate normal bodily functions. This activation of the sympathetic branch then stimulates the adrenal medulla. This is located on the adrenal gland’s inner core. This causes it to release the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones regulate metabolic change. In the sympathetic response, they enable…

The generalized process of digesting a large meal consists of consumption of food, progression through the digestive tract, absorption of nutrients, and secretion of waste. The process seems far from complex; however, at the cellular level digestion transpires in much more intricate detail. The human body must be supported by organic compounds that provide chemical balance. The steps and regulations of cellular digestion allow for generation of high energy products. Carbohydrates are the…

Carbohydrate digestion involves the conversion of polysaccharides and disaccharides into their relevant components of monosaccharides. Digestion begins in the mouth, where chewing and biting breaks down carbohydrates physically and chemically. The enzyme salivary amylase combines with food. When the food enters the stomach hydrochloric acid present causes hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. The food passes to the duodenum where pancreatic amylase is secreted and has optimum PH, so…

is the visceral obesity in which fat has accumulated mostly in the abdominal area and around the organs. This type of obesity has the person at a higher risk of comorbities. This person is at higher risk for chronic inflammatory response issues, metabolic syndromes, cardiac problems and an increase in certain cancers. The gluteal femoral obese patient has an accumulation of fat around the rear end, thighs and hips. More women than men seem to fall in this category. This type of obesity appears…

and medicine manufacture. Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar and has been linked to impaired memory, reduced cognitive function, and increased oxidative stress in the brain. Additionally, aspartame has been linked to a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome disorders in babies of mothers who consumed it while pregnant. Saccharin: Saccharin was one of the first artificial sweeteners introduced to the market. Saccharin is found in everything from toothpaste to canned vegetables. This…

Psychological stress is related to the onset of a spectrum of diseases (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007), but the underlying pathways linking stress with disease are not fully understood. Recently there has been increasing interest in exploring low-grade peripheral inflammation as a potential pathway, especially considering that inflammation is reliably induced by psychological stress and directly affects various organ systems in the body (Rohleder, 2014). Previous studies showed that…

(Garcia-Filion). Neurological disorders include septo-optic dysplasia, anencephaly, cerebral atrophy, basal encephaloceles, corpus collosum hypoplasia, gyrus dysplasia, cysts in the posterior fossa and tumors or lesions disrupting the anterior visual pathway – all of which may contribute to cerebral palsy, autism, or other delays in normal development (Kaur et al,…