Metabolic pathway

risk factors? This 31 y/o male need to stop smoking, lose weight, reduce blood pressure, and manage blood cholesterol level by not only following and strict diet but also by exercising for at least 30 minutes three times a week. 3. What are the metabolic syndrome risk…

lactic acid and other products other than lactate by using the phosphoketolase pathway. The lactic acid would be excreted by the cells into the environment (Battcock 1998). Two different types of fermentation pathways could be used linear or branched. The linear fermentation pathway resulted with the product being formed and the substrate consumed ratio would be constant, resulting in ATP gain. Branched fermentation pathway showed the product formed and the substrate consumed ration would be…

which is widely used, sometimes in combination with ionizing radiation (7). This alkylating agents exist in the environment, like in fuel combustion or cigarette smoke, in diet, such as in processed meat or could exist as a product of endogenous metabolic processes (8, 9). This alkylating agents, when in low concentrations, could be mutagenic and carcinogenic but another cause of human exposure to this type of agents is cancer chemotherapy, in which they are choose due to their ability to induce…

TGF-B acts through its membrane receptors, called TGF-B receptors. During activation, it stimulates the SMAD pathway by phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 complex. The activated pSMAD2/3 migrates to the nucleus and transcribes TGF-B-responsive genes such as integrins, collagens, fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor1. TGF-beta exists in at three isoforms known…

Coffee or Tea Which is Better? Coffee and tea are currently the world’s most commonly used stimulants. Whereas the two are of different chemical structure and composition, they share a common chemical that is caffeine. Tea, for instance, contains caffeine and methylxanthenes such as theobromine and theophylline which are also human central nervous system stimulants. Tea is derived from a plant, Camellia sinensis, which was first grown in South East Asia and used as a beverage. It has over the…

Describe the catabolic and anabolic fates of glucose. Provide detail of the metabolic pathways that underpin these fates and explain how their relative activity is regulated. Glycolysis - glucose catabolism. Glycolysis, part of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytosol of the cell and starts when the ATP level of the cell is low…

training is frequently discussed as an example of the body’s reaction to an acute session of exercise, along with the benefits that lead to lifelong adaptations. A synopsis is given on muscle fiber types, skeletal muscle actions, and the main metabolic pathways involved in providing energy. This article focuses on the positive effects of exercise, as well as factors that may influence aerobic exercise performance. One of the benefits in the cardiovascular system is improving the maximal oxygen…

and characteristics of target genes. The final outcome indicates the presence of new recombinant DNA, which consequentially develops new proteins. With the presence of these new protein, series of new enzymes are produced leading to changes in metabolic paths. The two main ways used are for determining synthesized DNA and profiling new proteins expressed. Additionally, these procedures are subjected to compound target molecule analysis in order to determine what gene should be altered to gain…

Introduction Background: Atropine as an Alkaloid compound has been in use for ages since the times of the Roman Empire as it was used for local anesthesia. The compound was derived from common organic compounds like Tropane alkaloid that is synthesized by most solanacea family and also from berries of the plant Atropa belladonna. Comprehensive research on the compound Atropine was first carried out by German chemist Friedlueb Ferdinad Runge between 1795-1867, later German based pharmacist…

After stage one, there are both ATP and ADP molecules produced and after stage three there are two ADP molecules produced, a singular hydrogen atom, and a citrate. After the fifth stage, there are two hydrogen atoms produced but they are lost in the sixth due to oxidisation. Between the stages 7-10, two ATP molecules are formed. During glycolysis, the enzymes catalyse numerous reactions and they are controlled by the concentrations of the ATP, ADP, hydrogen+, and citrate. When it comes to…