Menarche

Fluctuating estrogen levels are a potent migraine trigger. Many women have onset of migraine at menarche, severe attacks during menstruation (menstrual migraine), and worsening during menopause. Oral contraceptives and other hormone therapy occasionally trigger or worsen migraine and have been associated with stroke in women who migraine with…

1. How do age at menarche and age at menopause affect breast cancer risk? Women who started menstruating early (before age 12) and/or went through menopause later (after age 55) have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. The increase in risk may be due to a longer lifetime exposure to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. 2. Approximately what percent of all breast cancers are hereditary? What are the genes that are most commonly mutated in hereditary breast cancer? Approximately 5% to…

Introduction: Although cancer is often considered to be more of a developed world issue, in fact 57 per cent of all cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) occur in less developed countries and 43 per cent in more developed countries. According to WHO report, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in females affecting 145 countries, worldwide. The top three cancers contributing 43% of cancer burden include breast, colorectal and lung cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)…

Signs and Symptoms Since both central and peripheral precocious puberty is caused by a premature secretion of androgens and estrogens, most clinical features are normal pubescent signs of the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Although the signs and symptoms of adolescents who have central precocious puberty develop not only due to an increase in androgens and estrogens, but also due to an increase in GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary, and those…

Description of the issue and its relevance to Women’s and Gender Studies Every month, the female body undergoes a process called menstruation. Menstruation is when the lining of the uterine wall sheds, leaving the body through the vagina in the form of blood and often clumps of tissue. This is how the body prepares for ovulation, which is when a woman is most fertile. Though this is a normal experience for women, there is a lot of issues surrounding menstruation. It is often viewed as…

Breast cancer? What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is a very common malignancy originating from breast tissue in woman. The condition has a strong genetic basis and is frequently observed in close relatives. Patients may have a palpable breast mass, enlarged lymph nodes in the armpits (axilla), breast pain, dimpling of the skin, or nipple abnormalities. Asymptomatic individuals may also be detected by routine breast cancer screening with mammogram. Patients with advanced disease have a poor…

A tumor in the breast represents the most common complaint for which women consult a physician, referring to their change as a mass or a thickening. Approximately 70% of all breast tumors are benign, while fibroadenomas are considered a second most common benign breast lesion with an incidence of 18-20% (following omnipresent fibrocystic changes in the breast). Fibroadenomas are important as they comprise almost 50% of all breast biopsies (this rate climbs to 75% for biopsies in women younger…

According to this article, the risk factors are early menarche, sex, age advancement, family history of BC, late menopause, first delayed pregnancy. Other risk factors which add to the burden of breast cancer are the increase in obesity, exposure to ionizing radiation in high doses, physical inactivity, smoking…

Puberty Early puberty has been examined more in young females than males. The average age of a girl going to puberty has decreased. In the early 1900s girl started their periods around age 14 1/2. A little over 100 years later girls are reaching menarche at the age of 12 1/2. Some experts believe that there are a few environmental factors that cause early onset of puberty in girls. The first of these factors is childhood obesity. The rise in childhood BMI was found to be associated with…

Menstrually related Migraine (MM) and Pregnancy A normal female goes through a number of hormone related changes during her lifetime: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and sex hormones. A review of literature has shown that migraine is twice as prevalent in women as men. Changing levels of female sex hormones (estrogen) have shown to trigger a form of migraine known as menstrual migraine. Signs and symptoms: • Pure menstrual migraine without aura is probably a distinct type of…