Membrane

thus allowing it to bind to CCR5 or CXCR4. After this binding, the gp41 conformation is changed which reduces the T cell membrane allowing the virus to fuse to the cell. The virus’ reverse transcriptase process begins after moving into the core of the cell to make a dna copy from the rna copy and that then moves into the nucleus of the cell and ultimately fuses to the membrane of the host's…

The human body is made up of thousands of cells, each with a defined genetic program that allows them to work synchronically to regulate the metabolic and physiological processes required by the organism. All cells die (not accidentally), because in old age or because they are Cell death by apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. This process is carried out through mitochondrial permeabilization and the activation of caspases. The condensation of chromatin and the…

proteins Gs, Gi and Gq G-Proteins are one of the largest families of proteins in the body and are involved in many physiological pathways. G-proteins alter the levels of second messengers in the cell. Inactive G-proteins are always associated with the membrane. G-Proteins are heterotrimeric i.e. they have three different subunits: the largest sub unit, the alpha subunit (Gα); beta subunit (Gβ) and gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gβ and Gγ tend to stick together essentially forming a single sub unit in…

unable to leave out of the cell channel which causes a thick coat of mucus lining the outside of the cell. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CTFR gene. The CTFR gene is composed of 1480 amino acids and is found in the cell membrane. CTFR has two membrane domains. Each domain has a cytoplasmic…

Plant cells actually prefer a hypotonic solution because it allows more water to enter the cell, keeping it turgid, which allows the plant to stay upright. This is because it has a cell wall, which prevents it from lysing. A cell without a cell membrane must instead find adaptations to this, especially when submerged in a hypotonic environment. The Paramecium has a contractile vacuole which takes in the water as it enters the cell. When the vacuole becomes full, it expels the water out of the…

Glomerular filtration is the physical method the kidney uses to sort what should be excreted from what should be kept in the bloodstream. In the first part of the process, a membrane called the filtrate membrane filters out red blood cells, large proteins, and other large plasma solutes. For example, albumin is filtered out at this point, with only a tiny amount remaining in the subsequent glomerular filtrate. Because the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus is much larger than its efferent…

In neuronal development, the general rule is that cells are generated in sites different from those they later reside in. The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. Electrical impulses act as signaling device; they are rapid, specific and cause immediate responses. They also use sensory receptors to monitor changes called stimuli. This is where gathered information creates sensory input. Integration is the processes and interprets sensory input which…

that are protected by the outer wall of the cell, called the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a flexible, but sturdy barrier that surrounds and helps contain the cytoplasm of the cell (Tortora P65). The main purpose of the plasma membrane is to protect all of the intracellular structure from its external environment and to determine what passes through and what is not permitted. The permeability of the plasma membrane is different for each substance. It is impermeable to large…

facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth, and reproduction. LO 2.10 I understand scientific questions about the properties of cell membranes and selective permeability based on molecular structure may be raised through representations and models. LO 2.11 I understand models may be constructed that show the connections between movement of molecules across membranes and membrane structure and…

Introduction Recent years, with the rapid population growth and climate change, water shortage becomes a more and more serious problem for many areas of the world. Australia also suffers from water scarcity, as the driest continent experiencing worst drought for many years since early 2000s[1]. Desalination plays an important role in Australia’s water security. The large-scale application of this technology began in the arid Middle East region{2}. At present, seawater desalination is the only…