Membrane potential

Each neuron in the body has a negative, and positive side that is naturally attracted to each other but is separated by a plasma membrane (external boundary) until the energy created by the two is ready to be used. The plasma membrane has protein channels (gates) that allow the diffusion of ions. The three types of gates are leakage (passive) channels which are always open that allow k+ to leak out of the cell; chemical ligated gates…

stimulation not until the resting potential is re-established. This process is called the refractory period. The first part of the refractory period this is called the absolute refractory period. It reaches the start of the action potential until the K+ begins to shut. During this process, the sodium channels are active, so the membrane will not respond to the stimuli. The second part of this process is called the relative refractory period and will precede until the membrane ends up in a…

The interactions with the taste receptor cells will produce an action potential that will induce an action potential in taste sensory neurons. A neuron has 3 main parts: the dendrite, the cell body, and the axon. Information will be able to move faster in bigger and myelinated axons. In sensory neurons, the action potential is trigger at the dendrite. Each neuron has a cell membrane that encloses each neuron. The cell membrane is semi-permeable which mean certain things can go in and out of it.…

The human brain consists of about 100 billion nerve cells that receives and send messages to other cells through chemical and electrical means (Skaggs, 2013). The main job of the nervous system is to receive data through sense organs, translates messages, process and respond to both internal and external stimuli (Saladin, 2012 p440). Nervous system uses chemical and electrical signal to communicate from neurons to another at high speed. More than 100 billion neurons found in the brain. Basic…

The cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration is a crucial signal for a variety of neuronal processes including neurotransmitter release, control of membrane excitability, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Ca2+ homeostasis in neurons is accurate controlled by several types of Ca2+ channels or the activity of Ca2+ transporters with either locate on the plasma membrane or inside the cell on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) / sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (1,2). Disturbance of calcium homeostasis is implicated…

Transcytosis is mediated by the binding of a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of an endothelial cell, with its specific ligand on the apical side. Caveolin-I protein present on the apical surface of the plasma membrane then forms microdomains called ‘caveolae’, which mediate transport of the ligand-receptor complex into the cell. Thus, coupling the nanocarrier-drug conjugate to a ligand that…

cell is, the more difficult it is to transport nutrients and oxygen from outside of the cell into the inside of the cell. Consequently, the large cell would have more trouble transporting water, nutrients, and oxygen across the cell membrane and through the plasma membrane. In reality, the Blob would have problems maintaining sufficient transport and would suffer from malnutrition. The size of a cell determines the amount of nutrients, water, and oxygen needed, therefore, the volume of a cell…

Ionotropic and Metabotropic * Autoreceptors/Heteroceptors – proteins on Pre-Synaptic Membrane which neurotransmitters bind to. Metabotropic * Enzymes – free floating bodies which break down neurotransmitters * Synaptic vesicles – intra-cellular spheres which house neurotransmitters * Neurotransmitters * Released…

Myelin is imperative for the functioning of adequate conduction velocity speed in axons. Myelin is made of water, lipids and proteins and appears white in color. This combination of lipids and proteins form a whitish protective cover or sheath over the axon of numerous nerve fibers. This sheath covering the axon speeds up the impulses that are being conducted, which is important in the transmission of impulses in our body. Without myelin speeding up conduction, the impulses would decelerate.…

in and brings waste out. This movement of particles in and out of cells is based around osmosis. It is written in the Lab Manual (2014) “Osmosis is diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane” (p. 97). In this experiment, dialysis tubing, a type of differentially permeable membrane which only lets water molecules through, was used to create bags used to model cells. Four bags were made and labeled “A,” “B,” “C,” and “D.” The bags were filled with sucrose solutions of 1%, 1%,…