Medium of exchange

2 Orientation: relevant literature, case organisation and research questions This section provides an overview of literature relating to international market entry strategies (section 2.1), followed by background information on PA as the case organisation (section 2.2). Finally research questions to be addressed are presented (section 2.3). 2.1 Literature review: international market entry strategies The strategy for a company involves a set of actions taken by management to achieve superior…

1.3 The impact of macroeconomic releases on exchange rates Economic releases have an important role in the foreign exchange markets. Indeed, macro announcements produce effects on both returns and volatility. Neely and Dey (2010) show that researchers have long studied the reaction of foreign exchange returns to macroeconomic announcements and by doing so, they are now able to infer how markets react to news and how order flow helps impound public and private information into prices. Also,…

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The NASDAQ Stock Market is the second largest stock exchange in the U.S. with approximately 3,200 publicly traded companies (Hom, 2012). In order to be listed on the NASDAQ, companies must meet a minimum requirement of maintaining $1 stock price, and the value of outstanding stocks must total at least $1…

Explain what is meant by an equilibrium exchange rate. The equilibrium exchange rate is commonly defined as the currency rate of exchange where both the currencies being supplied is equal to the demand for it (Economics Online, 2014). According to Glossary of Statistical term (2002), the equilibrium exchange rate that is equal to currency’s purchasing power parity. It is determined differently using different monetary standards. The equilibrium exchange rate can be stable in addition to being…

Country risk is associated with lending or depositing funds, FDI, or any other financial transaction, in a country. Risks can include both political and economic risks, currency blockage, expropriation, financial uncertainties, and inadequate access to hard currencies. Understanding country risk in a global context is important as companies move from being domestic to multi-national companies. Country risk can impact decisions on investment of capital budget, whether to portfolio invest in…

Exchange Rates The exchange rate is “the price of a currency in terms of another, e.g. how many U.S. dollars can be bought for one pound sterling” (Rutherford 140). Exchange rate ensures the connection of the national currency with other currencies, as well as a comparison of macroeconomic indicators of different countries. Ultimately, the exchange rate determines the purchasing power of a particular currency. The exchange rate has a significant effect on the country's foreign trade since the…

Introduction In this chapter, previous literature concerns with the determinants of foreign currency hedging will be discussed and assessed. Theories for the determinants of foreign currency hedging can be evaluated from two aspects: the level of foreign exchange exposure and how firm’s value will be affected; what kinds of characteristics for the firm influence its decisions for hedging. I will discuss the determinants of foreign currency hedging from this two points of view in the following…

AlfaTrade account types and platforms also offering Islamic account The forex market is a large trading market involving currency trade. This fast paced market is dominated by central banks, wealthy individuals, hedge funds and other financial institutions. Advanced in technology has made it easy to trade currencies, as this can now be done online through a brokerage account. The greatest advantage of currency trading remains the facts that it is less volatile compared to commodity or share…

many benefits to digital currency or cryptocurrency. The one major benefit is that there are little to no transaction fees because there is no middle man to dictate the fees.2 This is a major cost especially for banks who conduct foreign currency exchanges. Ripple for example, has saved major banks about 60% in transactions fees.9 For consumers, digital currency does not require a release of their personal information in order to complete the transaction.6 This gives digital currency a higher…