Maxwell's equations

Dulhunty (1977) also found that the extracellular potassium and chloride concentrations could affect the membrane potential in such a way that could be modelled by the GHK equation, depending on the concentration of chloride intracellularly. These results also support the hypothesis and results that the GHK equation, which accounts for the permeability and concentration of several ions across the membrane, may provide a good model for predicting the membrane potential…

rusticus crayfish abdominal muscles, and we ask whether or not the Nernst Equation solely based on [K+] can also predict the cell’s resting membrane potential. We predicted that [K+] concentration had a significant influence on the membrane potential and thus the Nernst Equation was an accurate predictor of the observed Vm changes. Our results indicate that our hypothesis was incorrect- the results indicate that the Nernst equation calculations did not correspond with the observed resting…

The rate at which a reaction occurs, referred to as reaction rate, is a type of reaction property that directly measures the extent of a reaction. Changes in concentration affect reaction rates in chemical formulas, and if the reaction is not specifically known, the rate cannot be determined. The rates are given in negative or positive measurements depending on whether the concentration is a reactant or product. Knowing this, the first step in finding the reaction rate would be to determine the…

root is a complex number? Answer: If the equation is 7th degree then it has 7 roots. Those roots can be complex or real. Complex roots always come in pairs, so if it has one, then it has 2, the other one being the conjugate of the first one. This in other words, if one complex root is a + bi, then the other complex root is a – bi. If at least one root were complex, then we would have a minimum of 2 complex roots with a maximum of 5 real roots. The equation can have at most 6 complex roots (3…

Introduction This extended experimental investigation (EEI) investigated the effect in which concentration had on the rate of reaction. The purpose of this experiment is to test different concentrations of hydrochloric acid with sodium thiosulfate and to see how long it would take until the cross underneath the flask is no longer visible through the milky white solution. Collision theory A collision is when two or more object run into each other. But collision theory is, that only some…

To give an another definition of complex number, we have to show z= ew for w, where z is any non-zero complex number. If we assume w = u + iv then eueiv = |z|e^i arg z and this means that |z| = e^u , v = arg z . The equation |z| = e^u is a real equation, so we can write u = ln |z|, where ln |z| is the ordinary logarithm with positive real numbers. Hence, w = u + iv = ln |z| + i arg z = ln |z| + i(Arg z + 2n) , n = 0 , ±1 , ±2 , ±3 , . . .6 We profoundly examined the connection between…

Questions: (a) Show that: (b) What value of ε ss would you expect at 800°C and 16000 psi? A= 0.0043 Using your Larson-Miller curve, what temperature should you use for a life of 20 years at the lowest stress level? For the extensive length of time, a temperature of approximately 25 oC which is close to room temperature. With increasing stress or temperature, what changes will you notice in a typical creep curve? When you increase temperature or stress, the creep curve will increase in…

derive the Quadratic Formula by completing the square, it was important to verify that the quadratic equation was in standard form which is ax? + bx + c = 0. By using this correct form, I prevented myself from using the wrong values for a,b, or c which could result in an incorrect solution. I began by rewriting the equation by subtracting c to the other side which isolated ax? + bx. I divided the equation by a because it was multiplied on the squared term. In addition, I took the half of the…

to come in contact or find proof? This lack of contact is sometimes referred to as “The Great Silence.” Many have tried to come up with solutions to this paradox and some of them definitely seem plausible. One of the obvious ones is that the Drake Equation is completely wrong. However, one of the bigger theories out there is known as “The Great…

4.2 Resources CO2 Fig.1 depicts the principle of chemical energy transmission system. Fig.2 explain the Eva-Adam process. 5. Thermodynamics of CO2 reforming of methane It is essential to understand the thermodynamic of CDRM represents as follow: CH_4+CO_2 □(→) 2CO+〖2H〗_2 ∆H_298=247 KJ⁄(mol ) (1) ∆G^o=61770-67.32 T This reaction above is highly endothermic which is favored by low pressure but, requires a higher temperature. A reverse…