Materials science

4.1 First Side by Side Geometry The first model shown in figure 3 was for twin tunnels already constructed at a centre to centre spacing of 3D. This model helped to identify the influence of construction sequence on surface and subsurface ground displacement upon excavating the first and second tunnels underneath the existing twin tunnels. Figure 3: First Side by Side twin tunnels 4.1.1 Surface Displacements The surface displacements at distances of 4.75m, 7.125m, 9.5m and 11.875m from the…

These are similar to mineral component that present in bones and hard tissues (Ilie et al., 2016). The combination of ceramic based materials - hydroxyapatite and natural polymer as sodium alginate will provide strength, stiffness and fracture toughness to bone (S. Lala et al., 2016). The composite materials have been used in load bearing application such as filler and bone defect. Alginate (Alg) is a natural polymer which synthesized from brown algae. Alginate is more…

temperatures. Stretch forming is a method that combines controlled tension and bending of sheet material around dies to produce accurately contoured parts. It is extensively used in the aerospace industry to form large sheet panels of mild curvature, e.g. the leading edge of a wing. A commonly used material for aircraft skins is the heat-treatable aluminum alloy AA 2024. Possible failure modes during forming of this material are necking, wrinkling, $L\ddot{u}$ders lines or orange peel. In order…

Callaway Steelhead XR Irons: There are motor-heads. There are rock-heads. And then, there is steelhead. Steelhead XR irons are the latest offering from Callaway. Allow starting the section by qualifying the aforementioned statement. The steelheads irons are the foremost flagship offering of the Callaway. Golf aficionados’ would agree that golfing, steelhead and Callaway are almost synonymous. In the past, Callaway offered many series in the flagship starting from X-14 through X-22. However, the…

composite materials for structural application has been evaluated through Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. The effects of heating rate, sinusoidal forces on glass transition temperature Tgwere studied. In DMA LVDT controlled sinusoidal force is applied and measures the response of the input as shown in the figure 3. It measures parameters which are the signature properties of the material under supervision like storage modulus, loss modulus, tanδ which are helpful to predict the behavior of the…

Carports are like the garage spaces you have in your houses. It functions the same way in giving protection to your cars. The only difference is that carports are not fixated. Instead, it is a portable and retractable device you can bring with you in your outdoor trips. The best carports for this generation are the ones made of metal, usually of aluminum or steel. There are also that has core panels made of insulated polystyrene foam. This is also wrapped with steel or aluminum. Most metal…

When it comes to towing, the B&W Tow & Stow Hitch offers different ball sizes without the need to change out the hitch anytime that you need to make a ball change. Additionally, it flips under the truck and hides out of sight when it is not in use. This hitch system is made to accommodate accessories like a draw bar for other towing needs. The draw bar makes it possible to connect other trailers that have pins or have tongues that cannot accommodate a ball. This draw bar is designed with a…

The migrating filaments disappear into the umbra, leaving a bright dot. The evolution of such filamentary structures can be seen in the movie-I (attached as online material). The filament shown in cyan circle initially show a dark striation which develops into a 'Y' shaped and with time it migrates into the umbra, leaving a bright dot. Similarly, the filament indicated by a green circle evolve and disappear. The filament…

There are many different materials that can be used for eyeglasses. They all have advantages and disadvantages. When it comes to how your brain creates images and why they differ there are many different body parts that have a big effect. With that being said two materials that are used for eyeglasses are plutonite and the hydrophobic lense coating. These two materials are two of the most used for eyeglasses as they have many advantages that are not provided by other materials. There are also…

traditional metallic properties Introduction Carbon fibre is a material made up of thin strips of crystalline filaments of carbon woven together to create a cloth or combined with a resin or ceramics to strengthen the material. Carbon fibre is now overtaking traditional metals in where it is being used and the reasons why will be discussed further on in the report (Happian-Smith 2001: 1). Carbon fibre composites have become the leading material in the automotive, aerospace and sporting…