Marian Rejewski

working things out. He invented the idea that of the ‘universal machine’ that would be able to decode or solve any set of problems. Later that, Turing moved to Princeton University to study for a PH. D in mathematical logic. Code Breaking: In 1938, Turing joined the Government Code and Cypher School and when the outbreak of war happened with Germany in September 1939, they moved headquarters to Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire. A few weeks beforehand, the Polish government had given France and Britain details of their successes against enigma which was used by Germans to encipher it’s military and naval signals. In 1932, a group of Polish mathematicians, The Enigma Machine who were led by Marian Rejewski, had found out the internal wiring of the enigma and in 1938, the group had developed a code breaking machine that they called the Bomba (Polish for a type of ice cream). However, this machine had required certain operating procedures of the enigma to be used by the Germans and a change of those procedures in 1940, meant that the Bomba could no longer be used. During 1939 and 1940, Turing and the others designed a similar code breaking machine to the Bomba called the Bombe. In the war, the bombes supplied England and allies with lots of military information. In 1942, the cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park decoded up to 39,000 messages each month and that rose to 84,000 a month which meant they decoded 2 messages every minute, day…

When discussing portrayals of what defines true womanhood some begin the conversation with the commonly gender specifics terms which are called Marianismo and Hembrismo (Greer; Asencio). Scholars have defined Marianismo as “derived from the Catholic belief in the Virgin Mary—ascribes superior morality and spirituality to the Latina woman, who is considered able to endure suffering more than men. Her traditional femininity is portrayed as submissive, religious, modest, and humble, and a woman who…

One of the common types of paintings in Colonial Peru during the 18th century was a portrait style depicting a single figure. These portraits were not created to only be a image of the person in the painting, but also to convey information about their life and their accomplishments. One of the most notable examples of this type of painting is the Portrait of Marcos Chiguan Thopa Coronilla Inca. Marcos, a royal Inca descendant is portrayed standing very similar to the posture of the Viceroys next…

The book “Our Lady of Controversy” edited by Alicia Gaspar de Alba and Alma Lopez addresses many prevalent issues that were raised when Queer Chicana artist Alma Lopez showcased her reinterpretation of the iconic archetype of La Virgen de Guadalupe at the museum of International Folk Art in 2001 CyberArte. The book consist of short essays from scholars that analyzed the controversy through the context of religion, feminism, art and censorship, colonialism, queer theory, and Chicanx history.…

Stephen Crane characterized the characters of the novel through their actions and interactions with other characters during the story. Such as Jimmie, from the opening scene it was obvious he was violent and did not care much for rules and even his own safety. In the opening fight scene Stephen Crane wrote,“In the yells of the whirling mob of Devil’s Row children there were notes of joy like songs of triumphant savagery. The little boys seemed to leer gloatingly at the blood upon the other…

Hiss and the sheriff. In Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, Sheriff George of Nottingham and his cousin, were the main antagonists of the movie. Prince John was never shown in the live movie, either. In Robin Hood Disney movie, by Walt Disney, the movie showed the Prince John, Hiss, and the sheriff in jail and the narrator said, “I thought we never get rid of those two rascals” (Disney, 1973). The antagonists, of the Disney Robin Hood movie, got put in jail. In the movie, Robin Hood Prince of…

Mary’s Earthly Apparitions Besides the four Marian Dogmas of the Catholic Church, Mary has inspired the lives of millions of people across the world. Mary is the Church’s leading intercessor for prayer, and she considered to be the patroness of humanity. Something truly miraculous that Catholic’s believe in regarding Mary is Marian apparitions. A Marian apparition is a supernatural appearance of the Blessed Mother Mary here on earth. The three most famous accounts of Marian apparitions occurred…

The loop pass is when the first player usually a dummy half or the first receiver of a play of the ball or a penalty loops around the player who he has just passed the ball to. He will loop around the player and then receive the ball again. But only if he is fast enough if he is to slow the move wouldn’t work because he wouldn’t be in the right position to receive the pass. After the first player has got the ball back he should proceed to pass the ball down the line. This could lead to metres…

Arthur Scherbius appears to be a relatively obscure name in its history. When, what can arguably be called his greatest contribution, was commercially introduced it failed and he ultimately did not live to see it’s use. Arthur Scherbius died nearly a decade before the beginning of the Second World War only having sold his equipment to the navy never relishing in its fame, or infamy. Another relatively obscure name in the tale of the Enigma was the first man to figure it out, Marian Rejewski.…

By 1923, the machine was being sold to companies and corporations in need of secure communications, such as banks. In 1926, the German navy began using enigma, followed by the German army and air force ("Enigma Cipher Machine"). The Poles were the first group to attempt to break the enigma. They assembled a team of mathematicians who discovered that the Germans made a vital mistake- sending the message indicator twice before each enigma message. One of these men, Marian Rejewski, developed a…