Mammary gland

Through out the evolution of lactation, many different changes have been made on the basis of biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology. In terms of biochemistry, the components of the milk itself have evolved. Anatomically, through out evolution, the gland structure and lactation in females and the teeth and cheek anatomy of the young has also significantly changed. Physiologically, hormonal control of lactation has evolved as well. While the energy and efforts of the mother are worth it in the…

Health Effects of Oxytocin Properties of Oxytocin Oxytocin is a peptide hormone made up of nine amino acids. Oxytocin is produced by pituitary gland in the brain to carry out different physiological and psychological functions in the body like child birth, breastfeeding, mother infant bonding and social behavior. Oxytocin is also referred as love hormone, cuddle hormone or bonding hormone because it develops feelings of affection, trust, and attachment among people. It reduces the negativities…

While implantation occurs, blastocyst is being concerted into gastrula, in which three germ layers from and embryonic membranes develop. The beginning is when the inner cell mass differs into two layers which are the epiblast and the hypoblast. Both of these cells form four embryonic membranes which are the amnion, the yolk sac, allantois, the umbilical cord, and the chorion. The amnion provides a buoyant environment which protects the embryo from physical trauma and helps maintain a constant…

Over evolutionary time organisms have diversified beyond imaginable. The earth is full of life from the simplest, single celled organisms, to whales the size of school buses. Even though there is a sundry of species alive on the planet today, even more species have lived in the past. In comparing the flying fish and the jerboa, one can see the changes that organisms have made overtime to better their chance of survival in their environment. By studying comparative anatomy, one can see the way…

Pomegranate (Punica granatum, Punicaceae) is a fruit that is grown in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East and is often used in folk medicine. Pomegranate fruit is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and two types of polyphenolic compounds which are attributed 92% of the whole fruit antioxidant activity. It has been shown that the antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice is higher than antioxidant activity of red wine and green tea. The edible parts of the fruit of pomegranate…

Other effects are potential health consequences on mammalian thyroid gland (Gu & Coates, 2006). The perchlorate ion is almost identical in size to the iodide ion and might be taken up into the mammalian thyroid gland. The perchlorate ion blocks the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein that generally acts as an iodide pump at the surface of the thyroid follicle. This is a competitive inhibition…

orders. (Wund and Myers,2005). In order to class as a mammal, they must share these three characteristics which are not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones ( malleus, incus and stapes) Hair Production of milk through mammary glands which are also known as sweat glands. The Zaglossus bruijni falls under the mammal class due to the fact they have all these components as well as spikes on the back which they use when feeling threatened and often curl up in a ball like hedgehogs (Wund and…

Ovaries are pair of small glands similar to almonds, and located in the lateral and superior parts of the uterus. They produce hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and ova, "eggs", or gametes. In fertility lifetime, every month during ovulation, a mature egg is released and travels from the ovary to the fallopian tube, where it might be fertilized before reaching the uterus. Uterus is a hollow muscular organ; it is pear-shaped in posterior and superior to the bladder. The uterus or womb is…

the anus develops before the mouth. Dingoes have a tail, which means that they are deuterostomes. Dingoes fall under mammaalia in the Class category because like all mammals, dingoes have hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands, and neocortex. Since dingoes have mammary glands, they are able to produce milk and feed their offspring. The arrangement of the dingo’s teeth proves that it belongs in the Carnivora group in the Order category. All animals in the Carnivora group have a similar…

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