Malar rash

patients’ social life with the society. From the word society, in may include family, friends and communities. The SLE patients more tend to isolate themselves and stay away from the society. For instance, the effects of SLE on the skin such “butterfly rash” can make the patients being ashamed and less confident to face with their family, friends and communities. Other than that, the patients may also feel that they are different from others and not perfect as them. This will make them in…

INTRODUCTION Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an auto-immune system. Auto mean self. Autoimmune means that our immune system cannot differentiate between foreign invaders and our own healthy body tissues and decide that our healthy cells are foreign substance. Thus, creating autoantibodies which are protein that attack and eventually destroy the healthy tissues. This means that our body ability to prevent and fight against infection are reducing. SLE is more than any connective tissues…

Lupus Nephritis We identified three studies that analyzed the prevalence and correlates of lupus nephritis (LN) in a total of 428 patients [46-48] (Table 1). The follow-up period varied from less than 1 year up to 10 years. End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (ESRD) was the most common complication reported (Table 1). Kidney biopsy was the most frequent method applied for diagnosis [46, 48]. However, some studies also analyzed clinical, serological, and immunological data [46] or employed…