Mainz

Audrey Ulmer Honors Music Ms. Vicki Fox May 16, 2016 The Life and Music of Mozart Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, known as an adult as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was born January 27, 1756 to Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart. The last of their two children to survive infancy, he and his sister Maria Anna- also known as Nannerl- were noted to be musically skilled from a young age. Mozart had learned to play piano at the age of three and by the age of five he had begun to compose…

People’s Crusade committed numerous atrocities in Hungary, even burning the city of Sofia. Jews in particular received a harsh treatment during the 1st Crusade. The People’s Crusade committed 8 massacres of Jews in Germany, the worst of which occurred in Mainz, where 1000 Jews were murdered. The organized, and professional army lead by the Council of Princes was tamer in comparison, but they too committed their fair share of atrocities. When they finally conquered Jerusalem in 1099, the city was…

Medieval Europe as a society greatly shunned deviations from cultural norms or established religious orthodoxy. From this denouncement, persecution of minority groups was commonplace, and possibly even a defining trait of European society at the time. Notably, mistreatment of Jewish communities and supposed Christian heresies were the more common forms of religious persecution. Furthermore, even Christians could be subject to persecution, if certain individuals were accused of breaking ethical…

The air choked with the stench of disease. The landscape, shriveled and fallow. A syrupy silence hangs over the land. It is 1348; the Black Death is here. Scampering up a mooring rope and into a trade vessel, a harbor rat carries a deadly passenger, the Yersinia pestis. And in October of 1347, the ship, docked in Messina, carries the Black Death into Europe (“Black Death”). Swollen lymph nodes, mottled black skin, and infection are merciless; victims eat lunch with their friends, and dinner…

Even though during the reign of King Vajiravudh (1910-1925), the country was the only independent country in the region that did not suffer from the demands for territory or other concessions. However, in reality Siam sovereignty suffered from encroachment, violations and limitations imposed on the country by Western imperialism since the middle of nineteenth century as a result of the Bowring Treaty in 1855. Some of the articles in the treaty allowed foreign countries free trade with only 3…

In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented a new type of movable print- the printing press. Gutenberg was a goldsmith born in Mainz in 1397, and went on to develop his press in the Holy Roman Empire. He saw the printing press as a financial opportunity, due to the high cost of books at the time. Prior to his groundbreaking invention, knowledge was very much limited to the royalty or the religious order because attaining access to any sort of literature was a painstaking task. In order to have a copy…

The Middle Ages were a transitional period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern world. Medieval life centered around the church, in which worship services were held, the sick, poor, elderly, and orphaned could take refuge. Here, within the nunneries and convents men and women alike were taught to read and write literature and music. Unfortunately the knowledge was screened by the Church hierarchy, and many were only taught to read works provided to them. Only a…

Karen Cushman's Catherine, Called Birdy, a historical fiction novel, accurately portrays the process and rules of arranged marriages, but depicts the treatment and expulsion of Jews from England in 1290 partially inaccurately to make the storyline more entertaining. Catherine, Called Birdy is historically accurate when it describes several Jews traveling to London from other parts of England for King Edward I to expel them. In the novel, the Jews are travelling through Lincoln on October 3,…

In 1451, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, named Johann Gutenberg, came up with a novel way to print material much more efficiently and quickly than the scribes who were common at the time. His new method, called the printing press, featured movable type and served as the precursor to the mammoth presses used to print millions of newspapers, magazines, and books. His new methods made books more widely available throughout Europe, and they began to be published in the vernacular. This also…

Two courses of action, it was argued, were required. First, crypto-Judaism could only be overcome by the introduction of an Inquisition; second, Jewish influence over the conversos could only be overcome by their expulsion. These ideas, adumbrated in works such as Alonso de Espina's Fortalitium Fidei, continued to gain ground, and on 27 September 1480 the Catholic Monarchs appointed Inquisitors in Castile who began their work in Seville shortly after (1481). Conversos, often subjected to torture…